{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:22:23Z","timestamp":1791069743022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The existence of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 worldwide has created new challenges to control HIV-1 infection and associated neuropathogenesis. Previous studies indicate a difference in neuropathogenic manifestations of HIV-1-associated neuroAIDS between clade B- and clade C-infected subjects with clade B being more neuropathogenic than clade C. However, the exact mechanism underlying the differences in the neuropathogenesis by both the subtypes remains elusive. Development of neuroAIDS is associated with a complex interplay between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the current study, we hypothesize that HIV-1 clade B and C Tat protein exert differential effects on human primary monocytes leading to differences in gene and protein expression of cytokines implicated in neuroAIDS. Primary human monocytes were treated with clade B and clade C Tat protein and quantitative real time PCR was performed to determine gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1) and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Further, cytokine secretion was measured in culture supernatants by ELISA, whereas intracellular cytokine expression was detected by flow cytometry. Results indicate that monocytes treated with Tat B showed significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1, as compared to Tat C-treated cultures. However, expression of antiinflammatory molecules and IL-4 and IL-10 was found to be higher in Tat C-treated compared to Tat B-treated cultures. Thus, our result shows for the first time that Tat B and Tat C differentially modulate expression of neuropathogenic molecules that may be correlated with the differences in neuroAIDS manifestation induced by clade-specific infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]],"date-time":"2009-07-21T08:53:16Z","timestamp":1248166396000},"page":"691-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Differential Effects of HIV Type 1 Clade B and Clade C Tat Protein on Expression of Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines by Primary Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Nimisha","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainulabedin","family":"Saiyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samikkannu","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Central del Caribe","place":["Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.V.K.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavan P.N.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2008.0299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2008.0299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:11:48Z","timestamp":1777367508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/aid.2008.0299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2008.0299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2008.0299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}