{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:03:02Z","timestamp":1790503382879,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fixed dose combination abacavir\/lamivudine\/zidovudine (ABC\/3TC\/ZDV) among HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB)-coinfected patients was evaluated and outcomes between early vs. delayed initiation were compared. In a randomized, pilot study conducted in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania, HIV-infected inpatients with smear-positive TB and total lymphocyte count &lt;1200\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    were randomized to initiate ABC\/3TC\/ZDV either 2 (early) or 8 (delayed) weeks after commencing antituberculosis therapy and were followed for 104 weeks. Of 94 patients screened, 70 enrolled (41% female, median CD4 count 103\u2009cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and 33 in each group completed 104 weeks. Two deaths and 12 serious adverse events (SAEs) were observed in the early arm vs. one death, one clinical failure, and seven SAEs in the delayed arm (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.6012 for time to first grade 3\/4 event, SAE, or death). CD4 cell increases were +331 and +328\u2009cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (TB-IRIS) were not observed in any subject. Using intent-to-treat (ITT), missing\u2009=\u2009failure analyses, 74% (26\/35) vs. 89% (31\/35) randomized to early vs. delayed therapy had HIV RNA levels &lt;400\u2009copies\/ml at 104 weeks (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.2182) and 66% (23\/35) vs. 74% (26\/35), respectively, had HIV RNA levels &lt;50\u2009copies\/ml (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.6026). In an analysis in which switches from ABC\/3TC\/ZDV\u2009=\u2009failure, those receiving early therapy were less likely to be suppressed to &lt;400\u2009copies\/ml [60% (21\/35) vs. 86% (30\/35),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.030]. TB-IRIS was not observed among the 70 coinfected subjects beginning antiretroviral treatment. ABC\/3TC\/ZDV was well tolerated and resulted in steady immunologic improvement. Rates of virologic suppression were similar between early and delayed treatment strategies with triple nucleoside regimens when substitutions were allowed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]],"date-time":"2009-12-10T11:58:47Z","timestamp":1260446327000},"page":"1277-1285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Early versus Delayed Fixed Dose Combination Abacavir\/Lamivudine\/Zidovudine in Patients with HIV and Tuberculosis in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Humphrey J.","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib O.","family":"Ramadhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard O.","family":"Uiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kibong'oto National Tuberculosis Hospital","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sendui","family":"Ole-Nguyaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehema A.","family":"Kiwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kikundi cha Wanawake Kilimanjaro Kupambana na Ukimwi (KIWAKKUKI), Moshi, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Tumaini University","place":["Tanzania"]},{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Thielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"},{"name":"Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance Planning Financing 2008. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/. 2009 August 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Pathology and causes of death in a group of 128 predominantly HIV-positive patients in Botswana, 1997\u20131998","volume":"6","author":"Ansari NA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ansari NA, , Kombe AH, , Kenyon TA et al. Pathology and causes of death in a group of 128 predominantly HIV-positive patients in Botswana, 1997\u20131998. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2002; 6:55\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68383-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"S43","article-title":"Natural history and spectrum of disease in adults with HIV\/AIDS in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Grant AD","year":"1997","unstructured":"Grant AD, , Djomand G, , De Cock KM. Natural history and spectrum of disease in adults with HIV\/AIDS in Africa. AIDS, 1997; 11,Suppl B:S43\u2013S54.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200005010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200412150-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9712001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Paradoxical responses in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients with mycobacterial disease","volume":"6","author":"Olalla J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olalla J, , Pulido F, , Rubio R et al. Paradoxical responses in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients with mycobacterial disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2002; 6:71\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011efac"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03201-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68337-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.019224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161769.06158.8a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90519-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503233321204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis 2007. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/publications\/guidelines\/TB_HIV_Drugs\/PDF\/tbhiv.pdf. 2009 August 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"TB\/HIV: A Clinical Manual","author":"Harries AD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harries AD, , Maher D, , Graham S. TB\/HIV: A Clinical Manual, 2nd. World Health Organization, 2004.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings: Treatment Guidelines for a Public Health Approach (2003 Revision) 2004. http:\/\/www.who.int\/3by5\/publications\/documents\/arv_guidelines\/en\/index.html. 2009 August 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb. Sustiva [package insert] 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Transaction Prices for Antiretroviral Medicines and HIV Diagnostics from 2004 to September 2008. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/amds\/GPRMsummaryReportOct2008.pdf. 2009 August 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000279711.54922.f0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32823ecf6e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.081093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201040-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.061506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318177594e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830007cd"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000233572.59522.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280f00fd6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.9.1155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000243092.40490.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830719aa"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2009.0100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2009.0100","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2009.0100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1777367492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/aid.2009.0100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2009.0100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2009.0100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}