{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:09:33Z","timestamp":1777378173437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diversity may have an impact on both vaccine efficacy and drug resistance, it is important to have knowledge of circulating genetic variants. With widespread use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Africa, one of the major potential challenges is the risk of emergence of ARV drug-resistant HIV strains. This study aimed to determine the circulating HIV subtypes and recombinant forms, as well as the prevalence of ARV drug resistance mutations, among 75 treatment-naive HIV-infected youths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    48), partial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    44), and partial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    35) sequencing was performed; all three regions were sequenced in 26 samples. Evidence of infection with recombinant viruses was found in 12 (46%) participants; AC recombinants were the most commonly detected and they were identified in six (23%) participants. Of individuals infected with nonrecombinant strains, subtype A was most commonly detected in seven (27%) participants, followed by subtype C detected in six (23%) participants and subtype D detected in one (4%) participant. Among the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences from 44 individuals, three (7%) had resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and four (9%) had nonnucleoside RT inhibitor resistance mutations. Of these, three (7%) individuals were infected with viruses with cross-resistance mutations to both classes of RT inhibitors. These resistant mutations were all associated with drugs currently used in first-line therapy and in the prevention of vertical transmission. This high prevalence of resistance mutations is of considerable concern in apparently drug-naive populations as it may result in treatment failure and the spread of ARV-resistant strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,18]],"date-time":"2010-10-18T09:25:47Z","timestamp":1287393947000},"page":"377-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prevalence of Genotypic Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs in Treatment-Naive Youths Infected with Diverse HIV Type 1 Subtypes and Recombinant Forms in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Mosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Urassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Aboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Lyamuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Sandstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sodersjukhuset and Karolinska Institutet","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bredell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Tanzania HIV\/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007\u201308 2008; 31\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health: National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV and AIDS","volume":"2","year":"2005","unstructured":"The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health: National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV and AIDS. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), 2005; 2:89\u201395.","journal-title":"National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652004000400008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Kresge JK. Two New AIDS Vaccine Trials Initiated in Africa. IAVI report 2006; 10 6 http:\/\/www.iavi.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00174-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-245-7:223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.4.5.S202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Special contribution update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1. International AIDS Society\u2013USA","volume":"5","author":"Johnson VA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson VA, , Brun-V\u00e9zine F, , Clotet B et al. Special contribution update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1. International AIDS Society\u2013USA. Top HIV Med, 2009; 5:17.","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300030962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura K Dudley J Nei M Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:1596\u20131599. http:\/\/www.kumarlab.net\/publications.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"HIV Drug Resistance Database: A curated public database designed to represent store analyze the divergent forms of data underlying HIV drug resistance 2005. http:\/\/hivdb.stanford.edu."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"REGA HIV-1 Automated Subtyping Tool\u2013\u2013Version 1.0. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2005. www.jose.med.kuleuven.be\/subtypetool\/html\/subtyping.html 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Pond SL. Genetic Algorithm Subtype Prediction (GASPREAD) 2006\u20132008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Virus Genotyping Tools HIV Bioinformatics BioAfrica. http:\/\/www.bioafrica.net\/subtypetool\/html\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"McInerney J. Recombination-detection-program 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"HIV databases 2005. http:\/\/hiv-web.lanl.gov."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Robb ML McCutchan FE Carr JK et al. Support of HIV-1 vaccine development in East Africa: Sequencing of 96 full-genome sequences from Uganda Kenya Tanzania. 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