{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:26:08Z","timestamp":1791037568199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We examined the relationship of proinflammatory vaginal cytokines and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) with genital HIV-1 shedding after controlling for genital coinfections. Fifty-seven HIV-1-infected women in Seattle, WA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200938) and Rochester, NY (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919) were followed every 3\u20134 months for a total of 391 visits. At each visit, plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were tested for HIV-1 RNA using qPCR. Vaginal samples were tested for bacterial vaginosis, yeast, hydrogen peroxide-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , CMV, and HSV shedding. CVL interleukins (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and SLPI were measured using ELISA. Linear regression with generalized estimating equations examined effects of cytokine concentrations on CVL HIV-1 RNA, adjusted for plasma HIV RNA, and measured coinfections. CVL IL-1\u03b2 and IL-8 were significantly associated with CVL HIV-1 RNA. This persisted after adjusting for plasma HIV-1 RNA. Higher levels of IL-1\u03b2 were associated with higher concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in CVL (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.25, 95% CI 0.09, 0.42), as were higher levels of IL-8 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.34, 95% CI 0.17, 0.50). Adjusting for the presence of the coinfections described, this relationship was attenuated for IL-1\u03b2 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.16; 95% CI \u20130.01, 0.33) but still significant for IL-8 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.29; 95% CI 0.13, 0.45). The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and IL-8 are associated with higher cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA concentrations, even after controlling for plasma viral load and vaginal microbial cofactors. This association suggests that there may be additional, noninfectious causes of inflammation that increase cervicovaginal HIV-1 shedding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]],"date-time":"2010-10-07T22:15:08Z","timestamp":1286489708000},"page":"35-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Cervicovaginal Shedding of HIV Type 1 Is Related to Genital Tract Inflammation Independent of Changes in Vaginal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Hitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University"},{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amneris E.","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61115-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06653-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of HIV type 1 shedding in the female genital tract","volume":"14","author":"Mostad SB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mostad SB. Prevalence and correlates of HIV type 1 shedding in the female genital tract. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 1998; 14,Suppl 1:S11\u201315.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303070-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328012b838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-7152-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000131846.12453.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31811ec7cb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.108999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<469::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.5.624-626.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.2.251-256.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000248352.18007.1f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328010238d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.16"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2010.0129","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2010.0129","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2010.0129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:12:30Z","timestamp":1777367550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/aid.2010.0129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2010.0129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2010.0129","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}