{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1777378338111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    HIV\/tuberculosis (HIV\/TB)-coinfected patients intolerant\/resistant to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have limited treatment options. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK)\/safety\/efficacy of an adjusted dose of indinavir\/ritonavir (IDV\/r) 600\/100\u2009mg plus two NRTIs in HIV\/TB-coinfected Thais receiving rifampicin-based anti-TB treatment. This was a prospective, open-label study. Eighteen Thai, HIV\/TB-coinfected patients between 18 and 60 years were recruited. IDV\/r 600\u2009mg\/100\u2009mg plus lamivudine and stavudine were administered every 12\u2009h (bid). When rifampicin was stopped, IDV\/r was reduced to 400\/100\u2009mg BID. Clinical outcomes, adverse events, and concomitant drugs were intensively collected. Intensive 12-h PK was performed after 2 weeks of IDV\/r while on rifampicin. Samples were collected: predosing and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12\u2009h after drug intake. The median body weight was 55\u2009kg. The median CD4 was 26 cells\/\u03bcl. The median HIV RNA was 5.05 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/ml. Then 15\/18 underwent intensive PK at week 2. The median time between initiating rifampicin and IDV\/r was 4.5 months. The median duration of rifampicin during study (rifampicin\/IDV\/r together) was 15.6 weeks. All received a total of 9 months of antituberculous drugs. The geometric means (GM) of indinavir AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201312<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    were 8.11\u2009mg*h\/liter and 0.03\u2009mg\/liter, respectively. After stopping rifampicin and reducing IDV\/r to 400\/100 bid, the GM indinavir\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased to 0.68\u2009mg\/liter (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.004). In all, 8\/18 (44%) had asymptomatic ALT elevation and 2\/18 (11%) had symptomatic hepatotoxicity requiring IDV\/r discontinuation. All 13 patients who remained on IDV\/r treatment had HIV RNA &lt;50 copies\/ml at 48 weeks. Concomitant use of rifampicin and IDV\/r resulted in subtherapeutic indinavir concentrations. Although 44% of them developed asymptomatic Grade 3\/4 transaminitis, the rate of study drug discontinuation due to hepatotoxicity was low. Despite good virological outcome in our cohort, prolonged exposure to subtherapeutic indinavir concentrations may lead to treatment failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,17]],"date-time":"2012-01-17T09:08:04Z","timestamp":1326791284000},"page":"1170-1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and 48 Week Efficacy of Adjusted Dose Indinavir\/Ritonavir in Rifampicin-Treated HIV\/Tuberculosis-Coinfected Patients: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Anchalee","family":"Avihingsanon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"van der Lugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"University of Amsterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umaporn","family":"Singphore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meena","family":"Gorowara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jintanat","family":"Ananworanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Southeast Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH)","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praphan","family":"Phanuphak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center and Nijmegen Institute for Infection","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiat","family":"Ruxrungtham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology Department of Disease Control Ministry of Public Health. http:\/\/epid.moph.go.th. 2011 May 15."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666180-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00758.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68383-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17141-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702002000600001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342090-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31814a586a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.9.985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00442.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00461-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00341-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000182629.74336.4d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200626080-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282faa71e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1553-1560.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"WHO. Essential prevention and care interventions for adults and adolescents living with HIV in resource-limited settings. 1 July 2008. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/plhiv\/interventions\/en\/index.html. 2011 December 13."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"58","author":"Kaplan JE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaplan JE, , Benson C, , Holmes KH, , Brooks JT, , Pau A, , Masur H. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 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