{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:04:50Z","timestamp":1780470290643,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As the AIDS epidemic continues with women being disproportionately affected, it is crucial to understand factors that predict the risk of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. We investigated whether genital tract viral load (GTVL) in cervical-vaginal lavages (CVL) from HIV-1-positive women with moderately low CD4 T cell counts correlates with cytokine levels, antimicrobial concentrations, and intrinsic anti-HIV activity. CVL were collected from 19 HIV-1-positive women with moderately low CD4 T cell counts [mean 381 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (227\u2013536 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    )]. None of the women was on antiretroviral therapy. The women were categorized into those with detectable GTVL or those with undetectable GTVL (detectable GTVL RNA levels &gt;\u2009400 copies\/ml). Women were also categorized according to bacterial vaginosis (BV) status irrespective of GTVL. The TZM-bl assay was used to determine the presence of infectious virus and anti-HIV activity. Significantly higher levels of RANTES, Eotaxin, Fractalkine, IL-1\u03b1, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP1\u03b2, MIP1\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1, and GM-CSF were observed in women with detectable GTVL compared to women with undetectable GTVL. No significant differences were observed in the following cytokines and chemokines: G-CSF, IL-1RA, IL-8, and IP-10. GTVL did not correlate either with antimicrobials known to have anti-HIV activity or with the presence of infectious virus. BV status did not have a significant effect on anti-HIV activity. These findings further our understanding of the role of GTVL in determining the cytokine and chemokine milieu in the female reproductive tract.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,22]],"date-time":"2012-02-22T22:50:24Z","timestamp":1329951024000},"page":"1533-1539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Genital Tract Viral Load in HIV Type 1-Positive Women Correlates with Specific Cytokine Levels in Cervical-Vaginal Secretions But Is Not a Determinant of Infectious Virus or Anti-HIV Activity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lucy R.","family":"Mukura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Cu-Uvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Wira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO Women Health. 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