{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:09:10Z","timestamp":1779106150796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Monitoring HIV subtype distribution is important for understanding transmission dynamics. Subtype B has historically been dominant in Australia, but in recent years new clades have appeared. Since 2000, clade data have been collected as part of HIV surveillance in South Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 non-B subtypes. The study population was composed of newly diagnosed, genotyped HIV subjects in South Australia between 2000 and 2010. We analyzed time trends and subtype patterns in this cohort; notification data were aggregated into three time periods (2000\u20132003, 2004\u20132006, and 2007\u20132010). Main outcome measures were number of new non-B infections by year, exposure route, and other demographic characteristics. There were 513 new HIV diagnoses; 425 had information on subtype. The majority (262\/425) were in men who have sex with men (MSM), predominantly subtype B and acquired in Australia. Infections acquired in Australia decreased from 77% (2000\u20132003) to 64% (2007\u20132010) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.007) and correspondingly the proportion of subtype B declined from 85% to 68% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002). Non-B infections were predominantly (83%) heterosexual contacts, mostly acquired overseas (74%). The majority (68%) of non-B patients were born outside of Australia. There was a nonsignificant increase from 1.6% to 4.2% in the proportion of locally transmitted non-B cases\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.3\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">).<\/jats:italic>\n                    Three non-B subtypes and two circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were identified: CRF_AE (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =41), C (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =36), CRF_AG (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =13), A (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =9), and D (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =2). There has been a substantial increase over the past decade in diagnosed non-B infections, primarily through cases acquired overseas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T11:32:34Z","timestamp":1351164754000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["HIV Non-B Subtype Distribution: Emerging Trends and Risk Factors for Imported and Local Infections Newly Diagnosed in South Australia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Karen G.","family":"Hawke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell G.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Adelaide Hospital","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney M.","family":"Ratcliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of NSW","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH03002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Update on HIV-1 diversity in Africa: A decade in review","volume":"14","author":"Lihana RW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lihana RW, , Ssemwanga D, , Abimiku A, , Ndembi N. Update on HIV-1 diversity in Africa: A decade in review. 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Emerging trends of HIV epidemiology in Asia. AIDS Rev, 2007; 9:218\u2013229.","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"188","article-title":"Subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Dwyer DE","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dwyer DE, , Ge YC, , Bolton WV, , Wang B, , Cunningham AL, , Saksena NK. Subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in Australia. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1996; 25:188\u2013191.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283388742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00889-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH10141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832c06db"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","article-title":"Subtype-associated differences in HIV-1 reverse transcription affect the viral replication","volume":"785","author":"Iordanskiy S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iordanskiy S, , Waltke M, , Feng YJ, , Wood C. 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