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Host cell lipid raft microdomains, which are enriched with cholesterol, glycolipids, ceramide, and gangliosides, are important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry. Retinoid analogs have been shown to modulate ceramide levels in the cell membrane, while cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) specifically binds to the ganglioside GM1. In this study, we found that the acyclic retinoid analogs geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) and NIK-333 as well as CT-B efficiently attenuate CXCR4-tropic, but not CCR5-tropic, HIV-1 vector infection. We also found that GGA and NIK-333 suppress CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection by attenuating CXCR4 expression. CT-B also attenuated CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection, but did not suppress CXCR4 expression. These results suggest a distinct role for lipid raft microdomains in CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infections and illuminate novel agents for the development of AIDS therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T00:54:07Z","timestamp":1343696047000},"page":"279-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["CXCR4-Tropic, But Not CCR5-Tropic, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Inhibited by the Lipid Raft-Associated Factors, Acyclic Retinoid Analogs, and Cholera Toxin B Subunit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Haruka","family":"Kamiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"University of Nagasaki","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsura","family":"Kakoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayuri","family":"Shigematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Izumida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Yashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuetsu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Ryukyu","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshifumi","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kowa Company, Ltd.","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Shidoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nagasaki","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinao","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Development of drug resistance mutations in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: Does competitive advantage drive evolution","volume":"9","author":"Kolber MA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kolber MA. 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