{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:44:06Z","timestamp":1777380246332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During the 1990s, high prevalences of HIV\/human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV\/human T lymphotropic virus type 2\n                    <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>\n                    HTLV-2) coinfections were detected in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil in association with intravenous drug use (IDU). The current prevalences and risk factors for HIV\/HTLV-1\/-2 were evaluated in 1,608 patients attending the AIDS\/STD Reference and Training Center in S\u00e3o Paulo. Blood samples were analyzed for HTLV-1\/2-specific antibodies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I+II, Diasorin, and Gold ELISA HTLV-I+II, REM) and immunoblotting (HTLV Blot 2.4, MP Biomedicals and INNO-LIA HTLV-I\/II, Innogenetics) and for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    proviral DNA segments of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 by \u201cin-house\u201d real-time PCR. These analyses revealed that 50 (3.11%) of the samples were HTLV positive, including 25 (1.55%) that were HTLV-1 positive, 21 (1.31%) that were HTLV-2 positive, and 4 (0.25%) that were HTLV positive (untypeable). The median age of the HIV\/HTLV-coinfected individuals was 50 years versus 44 years in the overall population (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.000). The risk factors associated with HIV\/HTLV-1\/-2 coinfections were female gender (OR 3.26, 1.78\u20135.95), black\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pardo<\/jats:italic>\n                    color (OR 2.21, 1.21\u20134.03), infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (OR 4.27, 2.32\u20137.87) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR 24.40, 12.51\u201348.11), and intravenous drug use (IDU) (OR 30.01, 15.21\u201359.29). The current low prevalence of HTLV-1\/2 in HIV-infected patients in S\u00e3o Paulo could be explained in part by programs providing IDUs with sterile needles and syringes and changes in the drug usage patterns of individuals from injecting cocaine to smoking crack cocaine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,3]],"date-time":"2014-12-03T00:05:41Z","timestamp":1417565141000},"page":"543-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV\/AIDS Patients in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Adele","family":"Caterino-de-Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Adolfo Lutz","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Tavares","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Adolfo Lutz","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Gisele","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Adolfo Lutz","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karoline Rodrigues","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Adolfo Lutz","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cavalheiro","family":"Magri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wong Kuen","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Refer\u00eancia e Treinamento em DST\/Aids de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Group of Surveillance and Diagnosis of HTLV of S\u00e3o Paulo (GSuDiHTLV-SP)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000096011.92542.DA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T-lymphotropic virus type II","volume":"6","author":"Roucoux DF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roucoux DF, and Murphy EL: The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T-lymphotropic virus type II. 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