{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:41:40Z","timestamp":1777380100864,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We previously showed that a matrix (M) gene-deleted rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccine (RABV-\u0394M) is highly immunogenic and induces potent B cell responses in the context of RABV infection. We speculated that RABV-\u0394M expressing HIV proteins would also induce potent B cell responses against HIV antigens. As a prerequisite to future studies in nonhuman primates, we completed immunogenicity studies in mice to confirm the ability of RABV-\u0394M to induce polyfunctional B cell responses in the context of HIV. To that end, the envelope protein from the mac239 strain of SIV (SIVmac239Env) was cloned into RABV-\u0394M, resulting in RABV-\u0394M-Env. Infectious virus was recovered following standard methods and propagated on baby hamster kidney cells stably expressing RABV M [&gt;10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    focus forming units (ffu)\/ml]. Western blot analysis of cell lysates or of purified virions confirmed Env expression on the surface of infected cells and within virus particles, respectively. Positive neutralization activity against a neutralization-sensitive SIV strain and to a lesser extent against a neutralization-resistant SIV strain was detected in mice after a single intramuscular inoculation with RABV-\u0394M-Env. The quality, but not quantity, of the antibody response was enhanced via boosting with recombinant gp130 or RABV-\u0394M-Env as measured by an increase in antibody avidity and a skewing toward a Th1-type antibody response. We also show that an intradermal inoculation induces higher antibodies than an intramuscular or intranasal inoculation. An intradermal inoculation of RABV-\u0394M-Env followed by a boost inoculation with recombinant gp130 produced anti-SIV antibodies with neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody (nNAb) effector functions. Together, RABV-\u0394M-Env induces B cells to secrete antibodies against SIV with the potential to clear both \u201cfree\u201d and cell-associated virus. Strategies capable of eliciting both NAbs as well as nNAbs might help to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T08:50:59Z","timestamp":1428396659000},"page":"1126-1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Bivalent, Chimeric Rabies Virus Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Induces Multifunctional Antibody Responses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Amber","family":"Dunkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixue","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia 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