{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:49:53Z","timestamp":1790675393982,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In Uganda, fisher folk have HIV prevalence rates, about four times higher than the national average, and are often coinfected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We hypothesized that innate immune responses and HIV-specific Th1 immune responses might be downmodulated in HIV\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                    coinfected individuals compared with HIV+\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    -negative individuals. We stimulated whole blood with innate receptor agonists and analyzed supernatant cytokines by Luminex. We evaluated HIV-specific responses by intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, and TNF-\u03b1. We found that the plasma viral load and CD4 count were similar between the HIV+SM+ and HIV+SM\u2212 individuals. In addition, the TNF-\u03b1 response to the imidazoquinoline compound CL097 and \u03b2-1, 3-glucan (curdlan), was significantly higher in HIV\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                    coinfected individuals compared with HIV only-infected individuals. The frequency of HIV-specific IFN-\u03b3+IL-2\u2013TNF-\u03b1\u2212 CD8 T cells and IFN-\u03b3+IL-2\u2013TNF-\u03b1+ CD4 T cells was significantly higher in HIV\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                    coinfected individuals compared with HIV only-infected individuals. These findings do not support the hypothesis that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    downmodulates innate or HIV-specific Th1 responses in HIV\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mansoni-<\/jats:italic>\n                    coinfected individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T01:45:58Z","timestamp":1455155158000},"page":"668-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effect of\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    Infection on Innate and HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Immune Responses in HIV-1-Infected Ugandan Fisher Folk"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Andrew Ekii","family":"Obuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research 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