{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:48:41Z","timestamp":1777380521660,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about HIV prevalence and risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in much of the Middle East, including Lebanon. Recent national-level surveillance has suggested an increase in HIV prevalence concentrated among men in Lebanon. We undertook a biobehavioral study to provide direct evidence for the spread of HIV. MSM were recruited by respondent-driven sampling, interviewed, and offered HIV testing anonymously at sites located in Beirut, Lebanon, from October 2014 through February 2015. The interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information on participants' sociodemographic situation, sexual behaviors, alcohol and drug use, health, HIV testing and care, and experiences of stigma and discrimination. Individuals not reporting an HIV diagnosis were offered optional, anonymous HIV testing. Among the 292 MSM recruited, we identified 36 cases of HIV (12.3%). A quarter of the MSM were born in Syria and recently arrived in Lebanon. Condom use was uncommon; 65% reported condomless sex with other men. Group sex encounters were reported by 22% of participants. Among the 32 individuals already aware of their infection, 30 were in treatment and receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV prevalence was substantially increased over past estimates. Efforts to control future increases will have to focus on reducing specific risk behaviors and experience of stigma and abuse, especially among Syrian refugees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T08:20:27Z","timestamp":1495700427000},"page":"1149-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["HIV Risk, Prevalence, and Access to Care Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Heimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Barbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Contractor, Beirut, Lebanon."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Forrest W.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Shebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Aaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaveh","family":"Khoshnood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS: Global AIDS Update 2016. 2016: Geneva Switzerland. 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