{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:43:57Z","timestamp":1779158637590,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nonacquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and dementia are more prevalent in older than in young adult HIV-infected subjects. Although the oral microbiome has been studied as a window into pathogenesis in aging populations, its relationship to HIV disease progression, opportunistic infections, and HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions is not well understood. We utilized 16S rDNA-based pyrosequencing to compare the salivary microbiome in three groups: (1) Chronically HIV-infected women &gt;50 years of age (aging); (2) HIV-infected women &lt;35 years of age (young adult); and (3) HIV-uninfected age-matched women. We also examined correlations between salivary dysbiosis, plasma HIV RNA, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell depletion, and opportunistic oral infections. In both aging and young adult women, HIV infection was associated with salivary dysbiosis characterized by increased abundance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prevotella melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rothia mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Aging was associated with increased bacterial diversity in both uninfected and HIV-infected women. In HIV-infected women with oral coinfections, aging was also associated with reduced abundance of the common commensal\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Veillonella parvula<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Patients taking antiretroviral therapy showed increased numbers of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . High plasma HIV RNA levels correlated positively with the presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and negatively with the abundance of potentially beneficial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Circulating CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell numbers correlated positively with the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings extend previous studies of the role of the microbiome in HIV pathogenesis, providing new evidence that HIV infection is associated with a shift toward an increased pathogenic footprint of the salivary microbiome. Taken together, the data suggest a complex relationship, worthy of additional study, between chronic dysbiosis in the oral cavity, aging, viral burden, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell depletion, and long-term antiretroviral therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T06:06:45Z","timestamp":1527574005000},"page":"276-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Oral Microbiome in HIV-Infected Women: Shifts in the Abundance of Pathogenic and Beneficial Bacteria Are Associated with Aging, HIV Load, CD4 Count, and Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Lewy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo-young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, Davis, Davis, California."},{"name":"Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, Davis, Davis, California."},{"name":"Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tremain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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