{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:57:23Z","timestamp":1789984643150,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Depletion of gut T helper 17 (Th17) cells during HIV infection leads to decreased mucosal integrity and increased disease progression. Conversely, T regulatory (Treg) cells may inhibit antiviral responses or immune activation. In HIV elite controllers, a balanced Th17\/Treg ratio is maintained in the blood, suggesting a role for these responses in controlling inflammation and viral replication. HIV-infected individuals exhibit a range in responsiveness to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Given the link between the Th17\/Treg ratio and HIV disease, we reasoned these responses may play a role in cART responsiveness. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the mucosal Th17\/Treg ratio to acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viremia and the response to cART. Nineteen rhesus macaques were infected with highly pathogenic SIV\u0394B670 virus and cART was initiated 6 weeks postinfection. Mucosal CD4 T cell subsets were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Higher baseline Th17\/Treg ratios corresponded with increased acute SIV viremia. Th17\/Treg ratios decreased during acute SIV infection and were not restored during cART, and this corresponded to increased gut immune activation (Ki67\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), markers of microbial translocation (sCD14), and T cell exhaustion (TIGIT\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Animals that maintained a more balanced mucosal Th17\/Treg ratio at the time of cART initiation exhibited a better virological response to cART and maintained higher peripheral CD4 counts. These results suggest mucosal Th17 and Treg homeostasis influences acute viremia and the response to cART, a result that suggests therapeutic interventions that improve the Th17\/Treg ratio before or during cART may improve treatment of HIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T12:00:57Z","timestamp":1541505657000},"page":"295-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mucosal T Helper 17 and T Regulatory Cell Homeostasis Correlate with Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Viremia and Responsiveness to Antiretroviral Therapy in Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Megan A.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul V.","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary C.","family":"Tunggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nika","family":"Hajari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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