{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:30:02Z","timestamp":1777379402777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is the most common hormonal contraceptive used by women in sub-Saharan Africa, however, it has been epidemiologically associated with HIV infections. To assess whether DMPA has an effect on the number and activation of HIV target cells, this study assessed the levels and phenotype of blood- and mucosal-derived HIV target cells among women using DMPA. Thirty-five HIV uninfected women from the Pumwani Sex Worker cohort from Nairobi, Kenya were enrolled in the study (15 using DMPA and 20 not using hormonal contraception). Blood (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and cervicovaginal (lavage, cervical cells, and ectocervical biopsies) samples were collected. Cellular phenotype and activation status were determined by flow cytometry, cytokine levels were assessed by bead array and image analysis assessed cell number and phenotype\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In blood, the proportion of HIV target cells and activated T cells was lower in DMPA users versus those not using hormonal contraceptives. However, analysis of cervical mononuclear cells showed that DMPA users had elevated levels of activated T cells (CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD69\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and expressed lower levels of the HIV co-receptor CCR5 on a per cell basis, while tissue samples showed that in the ectocervix, DMPA users had a higher proportion of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CCR5\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. This study demonstrates that DMPA users had higher levels of activated T cells and HIV target cells in the genital tract. The increased pool of mucosal HIV target cells provides new biological information about the potential impact of DMPA on HIV susceptibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T08:51:01Z","timestamp":1545814261000},"page":"236-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Increased Cervical CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    CCR5\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Cells Among Kenyan Sex Working Women Using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Lajoie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Department Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Tjernlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Omollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Edfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"R\u00f6hl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Boily-Larouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Cheruiyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makubo","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Department Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Oyugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Department Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Broliden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Fowke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."},{"name":"Department Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division (Information Note): Contraception use WC. 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