{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:30:21Z","timestamp":1787988621967,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Access to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV has been increasing in Peru since a national ART program was initiated in 2004. Between 2007 and 2009, we found a 1% prevalence of pre-ART HIV drug resistance (PDR) among antiretroviral (ARV)-naive Peruvians. Given that PDR has been associated with virologic failure (VF) of ART, in 2014\u20132015 we enrolled a follow-up cohort at the same institution to determine whether the rate of transmitted resistance had increased and compared virologic outcomes of those with and without PDR. Blood specimens from ARV-naive individuals were assessed for PDR to NNRTI-based ART by an oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) sensitive to 2% mutant within an individual's HIV quasispecies at reverse transcriptase codons M41L, K65R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, and G190A, and by Sanger consensus sequencing (CS). Rates of VF (plasma HIV RNA &gt;200 copies\/mL) were compared between those with and without PDR. Among 122 ARV-naive adults, PDR was detected by OLA in 17 (13.9%) adults. Compared with the 2007\u20132009 cohort, the proportion with PDR at OLA codons was significantly increased (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). A total of 11 of 19 OLA mutations conferring high-level drug resistance were also detected by CS, and 8 additional participants had mutations encoding low-level resistance detected by CS for a total of 25 participants (20.5%). VF at month 6 of NNRTI-ART appeared greater in participants with versus without PDR [4\/18 (22.2%) vs. 3\/71 (4.2%);\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.03]. An increasing prevalence of PDR was detected among ARV-naive Peruvians. Studies are needed to determine risks of specific PDR mutations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1545111773000},"page":"150-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance and Virologic Outcomes to First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Peru"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Soria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru."},{"name":"Northern Pacific Global Health Research Fellows Training Consortium, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mugruza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Diseases Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Segundo R.","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socios en Salud Sucursal del Peru, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ticona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru."},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Diseases Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Diseases Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Department of Pediatric, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"National report on progress made in the country. Peru","year":"2014","unstructured":"National report on progress made in the country. Peru. Ministry of Health, Peru, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. DATA 2017. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Report of the HIV \/ AIDS prevention and control office","year":"2017","unstructured":"Report of the HIV \/ AIDS prevention and control office. Ministry of Health, Peru, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"662","article-title":"Pre-existing minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, adherence, and risk of antiretroviral treatment failure","volume":"201","author":"Paredes R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paredes R, , Lalama CM, , Ribaudo HJ, et al.: Pre-existing minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, adherence, and risk of antiretroviral treatment failure. J Infect Dis, 2010; 201:662\u2013671.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf accesed August1 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Guidelines for comprehensive care of adults with HIV infection. Ministry of Health Peru 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"HIV Drug Resistance Report 2012","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO: HIV Drug Resistance Report 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283186d1a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817ed7d7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.569-572.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Norma Tecnica de Salud de Atencion Integral del Adulto con Infeccion por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH)","author":"Personas Ddsdl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Personas Ddsdl, ed. Norma Tecnica de Salud de Atencion Integral del Adulto con Infeccion por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). Ministerio de Salud, Peru, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00306-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"HIV Drug Resistance Database. 2018. 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