{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:35:32Z","timestamp":1777379732468,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to dramatic reductions in perinatal HIV infection in resource-constrained settings. Nonetheless, PMTCT programs are complicated by repeat pregnancies, in which long-term or repeat exposures to PMTCT regimens over time may lead to the acquisition of HIV drug resistance mutations, and consequent treatment failure. In this study, we retrospectively assessed the effectiveness of the NNRTI-based PMTCT protocol from 2008 to 2010 in The Bahamas National HIV\/AIDS Program. We show that women who had been in repeat pregnancies and those who were already prescribed ART at conception were at increased risk of virologic failure, relative to treatment-inexperienced women and primigravida, respectively (AOR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.3\u20137.1,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.008 and AOR 5.0, 95% CI: 1.8\u201314.1,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002). In addition, women undergoing treatment at conception were more likely to possess HIVDR mutations relative to treatment-naive women (AOR 447.1, 95% CI: 17.9\u201311,173.5,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.001). Therefore, individual treatment history is a key metric determining the effectiveness of current and future PMTCT interventions. The implications of this to PMTCT programmatic success in light of the most recent WHO guidelines are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T02:22:51Z","timestamp":1589509371000},"page":"681-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treatment Experience and Repeat Pregnancy Impact the Effectiveness of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcription Inhibitor-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Indira B.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Lab, The Bahamas Ministry of Health, Nassau, Bahamas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Harrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Perry","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Lab, The Bahamas Ministry of Health, Nassau, Bahamas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach- Second edition. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Update of recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection infants. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Durability and predictors of success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for ambulatory HIV infected patients","volume":"1612","author":"Palella Jr F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Palella Jr F, , Chmiel J, , Moorman A, , Holmberg S: Durability and predictors of success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for ambulatory HIV infected patients. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. AIDS, 2002; 1612:1617\u20131626.","journal-title":"HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. 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HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200406010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0917-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000707"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054917"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"440","article-title":"Rate, correlates and outcomes of repeat pregnancy in HIV-infected women","volume":"18","author":"Floridia M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Floridia M, , Tamburrini E, , Masuelli G, et al.: Rate, correlates and outcomes of repeat pregnancy in HIV-infected women. Italian Group for Surveillance of Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy. HIV Med, 2017; 18:440\u2013443.","journal-title":"Italian Group for Surveillance of Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy. HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31823dbeac"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1050987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a5b053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701842753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200501030-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e5303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822b4edc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011770b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801300115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196451"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1051-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318189a753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834e9d7d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001368"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168671"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0914-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2228-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","unstructured":"Galloway D. \u201cAfrican Tradition Proverbs and Sankofa\u201d The Spirituals Project at the University of Denver. Available at https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110423095008\/http:\/\/ctl.du.edu\/spirituals\/literature\/index.cfm (2004) accessed Jan 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30093-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0184"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2019.0001","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2019.0001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2019.0001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:15:26Z","timestamp":1777367726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2019.0001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2019.0001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2019.0001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}