{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:35:12Z","timestamp":1777379712566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tanzania has recently adapted World Health Organization antiretroviral guidelines that include integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in the first-line regimen. However, there is lack of evidence on integrase (IN) gene polymorphisms in viral strains circulating in Tanzania. In this study, we characterize IN gene polymorphisms in viral strains circulating in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, before introduction of INSTIs. Plasma viral RNAs were prepared from 158 HIV-1-infected subjects, including 111 treated, but viremic (INSTI-na\u00efve), subjects. A part of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encompassing the IN-coding region was amplified and directly sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method. Subtype analysis revealed that subtypes A1, C, and D and intersubtype recombinants were 42%, 38%, 11%, and 9%, respectively. Although multiple subtypes cocirculate, the IN gene exhibited a relatively conserved amino acid sequence pattern with an average Shannon entropy score of 0.16. No major INSTI resistance mutations were found; however, accessory resistance mutations at positions T97A, E157Q, G163E\/K, and 128A\/T were detected in 5% of subjects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T04:40:45Z","timestamp":1583296845000},"page":"539-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Circulating HIV-1 Integrase Genotypes in Tanzania: Implication on the Introduction of Integrase Inhibitors-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Regimen"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Salim","family":"Masoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Kamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Barabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Sciences Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Macdonald","family":"Mahiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sunguya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eligius","family":"Lyamuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."},{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Sciences Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1623","article-title":"High rates of transmitted NNRTI resistance among persons with acute HIV infection in Malawi: Implications for first-line dolutegravir scale-up","volume":"16","author":"Rutstein SE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rutstein SE, , Chen JS, , Nelson JAE, , Phiri S, , Miller WC, , Hosseinipour MC: High rates of transmitted NNRTI resistance among persons with acute HIV infection in Malawi: Implications for first-line dolutegravir scale-up. AIDS Research and Therapyvolume, 2019; 16:1623.","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Therapyvolume"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70032-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30317-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.14.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001920"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.17.8757-8768.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01984.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Mascolini M: High Level Resistance to Dolutegravir (DTG) after emergence of T97A mutation. Available at www.natap.org\/2018\/CROI\/croi_140.htm (2018) accessed August27 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000209899.05126.e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv243"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2020.0021","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2020.0021","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2020.0021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:15:23Z","timestamp":1777367723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2020.0021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2020.0021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2020.0021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]}}}