{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:55:36Z","timestamp":1788173736323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diversity of genotypes and prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) are challenges for the epidemic control and vaccine development of HIV-1. However, little is known about the situation in Tianjin. Blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive HIV\/AIDS patients from January 2016 to November 2019. The target fragment in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was sequenced after RNA extraction and gene amplification. The HIV-1 genotype was identified by phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance was carried out using the Stanford University HIVdb algorithm. A total of 305\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences from 279 non-PDR individuals and 35 PDR individuals were successfully amplified. The most prevalent genotype was CRF01_AE (65.6%, 200\/305), followed by CRF07_BC (22.0%, 67\/305) and B (3.0%, 9\/305). A variety of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms were found. The overall incidence of PDR was 11.5% (35\/305), with 9.8% (30\/305) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs). The most frequent mutation pattern against NNRTIs was V179D\/E\/T (6.9%, 21\/305), with M184V (1.0%, 3\/305) and K65R (1.0%, 3\/305) against nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs). M64L (0.1%, 1\/305) was the sole mutation found against protease inhibitors (PIs). Eight variants generated at least low-level resistance to NNRTIs (2.6%, 8\/305), which was much higher than that to NRTIs (1.6%, 5\/305) and PIs (0\/305) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Genotypic drug resistance testing before initiating ART in newly diagnosed HIV\/AIDS patients may be necessary in Tianjin, China. The non-NNRTI-based regimen may be preferred as initial therapy in Tianjin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T05:19:34Z","timestamp":1592284774000},"page":"852-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and High Prevalence of Pretreatment Drug Resistance in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Graduate, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China."},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiang","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"1205","article-title":"New progress was made in the prevention and treatment of AIDS in China in 2019","volume":"25","author":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, , China CDC: New progress was made in the prevention and treatment of AIDS in China in 2019. Chin J AIDS STD, 2019; 25:1205.","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Regular press conference of Tianjin Municipal people's government: The overall AIDS epidemic of Tianjin is at a low domestic level. 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Available at https:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/guidelines\/html\/1\/adult-and-adolescent-arv\/0 accessed December20 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70255-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV\/AIDS (2018)","volume":"24","author":"Li TS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li TS, , Wang FS, , Gao F, et al.: Chinese Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV\/AIDS (2018). Chin J AIDS STD, 2018; 24:1266\u20131282.","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","first-page":"760","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-HIV treatment and drug-resistance mutations in some parts of China","volume":"85","author":"Han XX","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han XX, , Zhang M, , Cui WG, et al.: Efficacy of anti-HIV treatment and drug-resistance mutations in some parts of China. 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