{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:22:45Z","timestamp":1783455765610,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An important component underlying the disparity in HIV risk between race\/ethnic groups is the preferential transmission between individuals in the same group. We sought to quantify transmission between different race\/ethnicity groups and measure racial assortativity in HIV transmission networks in major metropolitan areas in the United States. We reconstructed HIV molecular transmission networks from viral sequences collected as part of HIV surveillance in New York City, Los Angeles County, and Cook County, Illinois. We calculated assortativity (the tendency for individuals to link to others with similar characteristics) across the network for three candidate characteristics: transmission risk, age at diagnosis, and race\/ethnicity. We then compared assortativity between race\/ethnicity groups. Finally, for each race\/ethnicity pair, we performed network permutations to test whether the number of links observed differed from that expected if individuals were sorting at random. Transmission networks in all three jurisdictions were more assortative by race\/ethnicity than by transmission risk or age at diagnosis. Despite the different race\/ethnicity proportions in each metropolitan area and lower proportions of clustering among African Americans than other race\/ethnicities, African Americans were the group most likely to have transmission partners of the same race\/ethnicity. This high level of assortativity should be considered in the design of HIV intervention and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T01:23:06Z","timestamp":1608600186000},"page":"784-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sorting by Race\/Ethnicity Across HIV Genetic Transmission Networks in Three Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Manon","family":"Ragonnet-Cronin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette","family":"Benbow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Coast Center for AIDS Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Poortinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Section, Illinois Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Forgione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program, Bureau of HIV Prevention and Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyin W.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV and STD Programs, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia V.","family":"Torian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program, Bureau of HIV Prevention and Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel O.","family":"Wertheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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