{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:36:51Z","timestamp":1777379811653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients shortly after the initiation of treatment for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    pneumonia (PCP) has not been fully validated in a clinical setting. We retrospectively extracted all patients diagnosed with HIV-related PCP (HIV-PCP), including those with severe cases, who were treated with first-line ART in our hospital. The HIV-PCP patients were divided into two groups: an early ART group (patients who commenced ART within 21 days after the start of PCP treatment) and a deferred ART group (patients who started ART after 22 days). We compared the incidence of AIDS progression or death, the virological suppression rate, and changes in the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell count at 24 weeks after the initiation of ART between the two groups. In addition, we analyzed the incidences of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and grade 3 or 4 laboratory and clinical adverse events within 24 weeks as safety outcomes. Ninety-one HIV-PCP patients (36 in the early ART group and 55 in the deferred group) were included in this study. We found no significant difference in the incidence of AIDS progression or death between the two groups. Virological outcomes tended to be better in the early ART group but were not significantly different. Increases in the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell counts at 24 weeks were comparable in both groups, suggesting that the safety was not significantly different. Analysis of the propensity-score matched cohort was performed to adjust for selection bias, and no significant difference was found in any outcome. Our results suggest that early ART introduction can be considered for untreated HIV-positive patients with PCP on the basis of efficacy and safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T05:36:14Z","timestamp":1625722574000},"page":"754-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of the Efficacy of Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Patients Coinfected with\n                    <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of AIDS Research and Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Imahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Hashiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikiko","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of AIDS Research and Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Kogure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Yokomaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of HIV Clinic, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naozumi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasumasa","family":"Iwatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of AIDS Research and Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan."},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller RF Ambrose HE Wakefield AE: Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis DNA in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with P. carinii pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3877\u20133882.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3877-3882.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02016-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Morphology of Pneumocystis carinii and activation of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in alveolar epithelial cells of the host","volume":"99","author":"Nielsen MH","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nielsen MH, , Settnes OP: Morphology of Pneumocystis carinii and activation of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in alveolar epithelial cells of the host. An ultrastructural study. APMIS, 1991; 99:219\u2013225.","journal-title":"An ultrastructural study. APMIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653933"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319340"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001058"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-5-663"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"140","author":"Limper AH","year":"1989","unstructured":"Limper AH, , Offord KP, , Smith TF, , Martin WJ, 2nd: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989; 140:1204\u20131209.","journal-title":"Differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw085"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","unstructured":"Europe WHOrof: HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2019\u20142018 data. Available at https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/HIV-annual-surveillance-report-2019.pdf accessed July27 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200011100-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","unstructured":"Izumikawa K: Trends in Opportunistic Complications Associated with Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Japan Survey in 2017. Available at http:\/\/after-art.umin.jp\/enq_hiyorimi_eng.html accessed July27 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"322","author":"Phair J","year":"1990","unstructured":"Phair J, , Mu\u00f1oz A, , Detels R, , Kaslow R, , Rinaldo C, , Saah A: The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1990; 322:161\u2013165.","journal-title":"Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. 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Available at https:\/\/rsc.niaid.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/daidsgradingcorrectedv21.pdf accessed July27 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki444"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001397"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.11.003"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0025","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:15:40Z","timestamp":1777367740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2021.0025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}}}