{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:41:51Z","timestamp":1777380111924,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to monitor the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance and risk factors associated with drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-failure individuals in Liaoning Province, China. Plasma samples were collected from HIV-1-positive individuals who experienced ART failure in Liaoning Province between April 2018 and September 2019. Genotype resistance test was performed using an in-house assay on these collected samples. Factors associated with drug resistance were identified by logistic regression analysis. We collected a total of 468 ART-failure individuals, of which 256 were successfully included in the final study. Of these, the most predominant genotype was CRF01_AE, accounting for 77.73%. The resistance rate to any of the three classes of antiretroviral drugs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NNRTIs], nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs], and protease inhibitors [PIs]) was 64.84%. Among 256 ART-failure patients, 62.89% showed drug resistance to NNRTIs, 50.39% to NRTIs, and 3.13% to PIs. G190S (31.25%) and Y181C (25.78%) mutations were the most common NNRTIs resistance mutations. K65R (29.69%), M184V (28.52%) were the most common NRTIs resistance mutations. Factors associated with drug resistance included current ART regimen and viral load. The high drug resistance rate among ART-failure individuals in Liaoning Province needs more attention. Corresponding strategies for the risk factors associated with HIV drug resistance can better control and prevent the prevalence of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T07:21:01Z","timestamp":1646119261000},"page":"502-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High Rate of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Therapy-Failure Patients in Liaoning Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine of China Medical University, Shenyang, China."},{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine of China Medical University, Shenyang, China."},{"name":"Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS: Global HIV & AIDS statistics\u2014Fact sheet. Available at https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet (2021) accessed October15 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32802ef30c"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304710.10036.2b"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"A retrospective study of HIV\/AIDS situation: A ten-year implementation of \u201cfour frees and one care\u201d policy in China","volume":"18","author":"He Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"He Y, , Cui Y, , Sun XH, et al.: A retrospective study of HIV\/AIDS situation: A ten-year implementation of \u201cfour frees and one care\u201d policy in China. China Acad J, 2014; 18:369\u2013374.","journal-title":"China Acad J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","unstructured":"China NHCotPsRo: The progress of national AIDS prevention and control work. Available at www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/xwdt\/201811\/5fe377b577d04d369a057970c0f816d1.shtml (2018) accessed May5 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization: HIV drug resistance report 2017. Available at www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/drugresistance\/hivdr-report-2017\/en\/ (2017) accessed May11 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088305"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit111"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283611931"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Spatial distribution and clustering characteristics of AIDS epidemic in China, 2005 \u2013 2017","volume":"35","author":"Wang ZW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang ZW, , Liu HJ, , Wang Y: Spatial distribution and clustering characteristics of AIDS epidemic in China, 2005 \u2013 2017. Chin J Public Health, 2019; 35:1593\u20131597.","journal-title":"Chin J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Spatio-temporal distribution and correlation of reported cases of hepatitis C and HIV\/AIDS in China, 2012\u20132017","volume":"40","author":"Gao Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao Y, , Feng XF, , Wen J, , Hei FX, , Ding GW, , Pang L: Spatio-temporal distribution and correlation of reported cases of hepatitis C and HIV\/AIDS in China, 2012\u20132017. Chin J Epidemiol, 2019; 40:155\u2013159.","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","first-page":"2894","article-title":"Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of HIV\/AIDS in Shenyang from 2008 to 2017","volume":"45","author":"Mu JP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu JP, , Song W, , Wang L: Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of HIV\/AIDS in Shenyang from 2008 to 2017. Modern Prev Med, 2018; 45:2894\u20132897\u2009+\u20092949.","journal-title":"Modern Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","volume-title":"National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Handbook,","author":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention:","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention:. National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Handbook, 4th ed. Bei Jing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","volume-title":"HIV Drug Resistance Monitoring Strategies and Detection Techniques","author":"Shao YM","unstructured":"Shao YM. HIV Drug Resistance Monitoring Strategies and Detection Techniques. Bei Jing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","first-page":"622","article-title":"The frequency of drug resistance mutations among different HIV-1 subtypes in Chinese MSM: A Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Yin YQ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin YQ, , Zhu J, , Wu NN, , Wang Q, , Hong X, , Wang B: The frequency of drug resistance mutations among different HIV-1 subtypes in Chinese MSM: A Meta-analysis. Chin J Dis Cont Prev, 2017; 21:622\u2013626.","journal-title":"Chin J Dis Cont Prev"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503914"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Status and influencing factors of standardized follow-up among the people with HIV\/AIDS in Liaoning Province","volume":"24","author":"Zhou D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou D, , Gai XQ, , Kang X, , Sun LX, , Yao WQ, , Wang L: Status and influencing factors of standardized follow-up among the people with HIV\/AIDS in Liaoning Province. Chin J Epidemiol, 2020; 24:1393\u20131397.","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","first-page":"1164","article-title":"[Distribution of HIV-1 genotypes in China: A systematic review]","volume":"35","author":"Su Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su Y, , Liu H, , Wu J, , Zhu L, , Wang N: [Distribution of HIV-1 genotypes in China: A systematic review]. Zhonghua Liu Zing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2014; 35:1164\u20131168.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Zing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Advances in antiretroviral therapy and drug development for AIDS","volume":"42","author":"Cheng Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng Y, , Panpan Z, , Dong X: Advances in antiretroviral therapy and drug development for AIDS. Prog Pharm Sci, 2018; 42:84\u201398.","journal-title":"Prog Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01311-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.15.2.17985"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4196-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-63"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00194-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024798"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","unstructured":"Stanford University. HIV drug resistance database. Available at https:\/\/hivdb.stanford.edu\/dr-summary\/resistance-notes\/NRTI\/ (2019) accessed June5 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/377742"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131355.44834.e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3478-3484.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3377-3383.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.2.1512-1523.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","first-page":"388","article-title":"Analysis of drug resistance and related genotypic mutations among HIV\/AIDS patients who failed in antiretroviral therapy in Jiangsu province","volume":"27","author":"Lu J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu J, , Zhou Y, , Xu XQ, , Zhang Z, , Hu HY, , Fu GF: Analysis of drug resistance and related genotypic mutations among HIV\/AIDS patients who failed in antiretroviral therapy in Jiangsu province. Jiangsu J Prev Med, 2016; 27:388\u2013391.","journal-title":"Jiangsu J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","first-page":"747","article-title":"Analysis of genotypic drug resistance in HIV\/AIDS patients with HAART in Guangdong Province","volume":"35","author":"Lan Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lan Y, , Cai WP, , Hu FY, et al.: Analysis of genotypic drug resistance in HIV\/AIDS patients with HAART in Guangdong Province. Beijing Med J, 2013; 35:747\u2013750.","journal-title":"Beijing Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Trends and advances of HAART in durg resistance of AIDS","volume":"6","author":"JL S","year":"2019","unstructured":"JL S: Trends and advances of HAART in durg resistance of AIDS. Electr J Clin Med Literat, 2019; 6:193\u2013194.","journal-title":"Electr J Clin Med Literat"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:16:27Z","timestamp":1777367787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2021.0079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}}}