{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:37:33Z","timestamp":1777379853481,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transgenders (TGs) are highly affected by HIV with high prevalence of 3.14% in India. Since 2017, targeted preventive efforts have been initiated by the government and HIV-infected TGs are being provided the antiretroviral (ART) treatment. Information on the primary HIV drug resistance is crucial for appropriate treatment selection to curb further spread of HIV in this population. In this study, we analyzed HIV-1 pol gene sequences from 36 TGs for presence of drug resistance mutations. To our knowledge, this first study from India reports high-level primary drug resistance (13.8%) among the TG population. Mutations M184V, A98G, K103N, G190A, and Y318F associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were observed. All pol gene sequences revealed HIV-1 subtype C in all study TG. High-level HIV-1 drug resistance warrant nationwide larger studies on TGs to understand the level of primary ART drug resistance among this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T12:08:51Z","timestamp":1634299731000},"page":"990-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Treatment-Naive Transgenders from India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarali N.","family":"Kurle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudarshan","family":"Kandaswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharda","family":"Gadhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajit","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Gangakhedkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS: Prevention Gap Report 2016. 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