{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:25:18Z","timestamp":1791325518144,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Identification of mechanisms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition among HIV-infected people is critical for prevention guidance. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for HCV infection and variations in HCV genotype distribution in a cohort of HIV-HCV coinfected patients in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study of a cohort of HIV-HCV coinfected individuals seen at a referral center for HIV-infected patients in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo between January and December 2017. The time of HCV acquisition, as determined by chart review, was categorized as before 2000, between 2000 and 2009, and from 2010 onward. HCV genotypes were determined by gene amplification and analysis. Among 3,143 HIV-infected individuals analyzed, 362 (11.5%) were HCV-HIV coinfected. Overall, the reported modes of HCV acquisition were sexual exposure in 172 (47.5%), injection drug use (IDU) in 86 (23.8%), use of inhaled drugs in 67 (18.5%) and blood transfusion in 10 (2.8%) individuals. All individuals who acquired HCV after IDU became infected before 2010. HCV acquisition by sexual contact was reported by 26.4%, 65.9%, and 63.8% of patients before 2000, between 2000 and 2009, and from 2010, respectively. There was an increase (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) in the proportion of cases due to sexual transmission from the period before 2000 (26.4%) to between 2000 and 2009 (65.9%). There was no corresponding increase from 2000 and 2009 to after 2010 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.751). HCV genotype 1 was most prevalent at all time periods. The genotype 3 frequency decreased over time (test for trend\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), whereas genotype 4, extremely uncommon before 2010, became the second most prevalent genotype from 2010 onward. In HIV-infected individuals in Sao Paulo, Brazil, sexual transmission has replaced IDU as the most frequent mode of HCV acquisition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T13:47:32Z","timestamp":1666878452000},"page":"44-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition Among HIV-Infected Individuals in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Rosario Quiroga","family":"Ferrufino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza","family":"Bierrenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerusa Maria","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gleison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Yapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura Mariano","family":"de Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Sol Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C\u00e1ssia","family":"Mendes-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis367"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000191281.77954.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282ef3873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000200541.40633.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518796"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-015-0279-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1988-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"182","article-title":"Hepatitis C disease burden and strategies for elimination by 2030 in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Benzaken AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benzaken AS, , Girade R, , Catapan E, et al. Hepatitis C disease burden and strategies for elimination by 2030 in Brazil. A mathematical modeling approach. Braz J Infect Dis, 2019; 23(3):182\u2013190.","journal-title":"A mathematical modeling approach. Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"Brazil. Ministry of Health. Surveillance Secretariat in Health Department of Chronic Conditions Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections. HIV\/AIDS Epidemiological Bulletin. Special Number. Brasilia: Ministry of health; 2021. Available from: www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br [Last accessed: July 18 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.86.5.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31720-X","article-title":"Routes of transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"9","author":"Soza A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soza A, , Riquelme A, , Arrese M. Routes of transmission of hepatitis C virus. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.arca.fiocruz.br\/handle\/icict\/34614 [Last accessed: July 10 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.6.1607"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00457-11"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0197","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0197","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:16:35Z","timestamp":1777367795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2021.0197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2021.0197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}}}