{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:42:39Z","timestamp":1784889759827,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nationally representative surveys provide an opportunity to assess trends in recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection based on assays for recent HIV infection. We assessed HIV incidence in Kenya in 2018 and trends in recent HIV infection among adolescents and adults in Kenya using nationally representative household surveys conducted in 2007, 2012, and 2018. To assess trends, we defined a recent HIV infection testing algorithm (RITA) that classified as recently infected (&lt;12 months) those HIV-positive participants that were recent on the HIV-1 limiting antigen (LAg)-avidity assay without evidence of antiretroviral use. We assessed factors associated with recent and long-term (\u226512 months) HIV infection versus no infection using a multinomial logit model while accounting for complex survey design. Of 1,523 HIV-positive participants in 2018, 11 were classified as recent. Annual HIV incidence was 0.14% in 2018 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.057\u20130.23], representing 35,900 (95% CI 16,300\u201355,600) new infections per year in Kenya among persons aged 15\u201364 years. The percentage of HIV infections that were determined to be recent was similar in 2007 and 2012 but fell significantly from 2012 to 2018 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20090.31,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001]. Compared to no HIV infection, being aged 25\u201334 versus 35\u201364 years (aOR\u2009=\u20094.2, 95% CI 1.4\u201313), having more lifetime sex partners (aOR\u2009=\u20095.2, 95% CI 1.6\u201317 for 2\u20133 partners and aOR\u2009=\u20098.6, 95% CI 2.8\u201326 for \u22654 partners vs. 0\u20131 partners), and never having tested for HIV (aOR\u2009=\u20094.1, 95% CI 1.5\u201311) were independently associated with recent HIV infection. Although HIV remains a public health priority in Kenya, HIV incidence estimates and trends in recent HIV infection support a significant decrease in new HIV infections from 2012 to 2018, a period of rapid expansion in HIV diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2022.0054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:51:48Z","timestamp":1668819108000},"page":"57-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["HIV Incidence, Recent HIV Infection, and Associated Factors, Kenya, 2007\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Wesley","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maputo, Mozambique."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Musingila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Kingwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS &amp; STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Voetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Zielinski-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Central America Regional Office, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bulterys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan A.","family":"Bronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat S.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trudy","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hetal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giles","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Unit, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Achia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Keter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS &amp; STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Mwalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Ogollah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Unit, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Ondondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Longwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Unit, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Chege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Unit, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamo","family":"Umuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Justman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Unit, ICAP at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cherutich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"De Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV &amp; TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","unstructured":"AIDSinfo team. UNAIDS Estimates. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/?did=5f010acb629b296603d55aa6&r=world&t=2021&tb=d&bt=dnli&ts=0 0&tr=world&aid=5f010bcf629b296603d55aa9&sav=Population: All adults (15\u201349)&tl\u2009=\u20092 [Last accessed: August 22 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","unstructured":"National AIDS\/STI Control Programme (NASCOP). 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey: Final Report. NASCOP: Nairobi Kenya; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme. KENPHIA 2018 Preliminary Report. NASCOP: Nairobi Kenya; 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating HIV incidence in populations using tests for recent infection: Issues, challenges and the way forward","volume":"2","author":"Mastro TD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mastro TD, , Kim AA, , Hallett T, et al. Estimating HIV incidence in populations using tests for recent infection: Issues, challenges and the way forward. J HIV AIDS Surveill Epidemiol, 2010; 2(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"J HIV AIDS Surveill Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833f1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833062dc"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25778"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237221"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050080"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.36.18966-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0046"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002707"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2018.0284"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP). Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012: Final Report. NASCOP: Nairobi Kenya; 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0316"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002678"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25455"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37964"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155498"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000114"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP). Kenya Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (KENPHIA) 2018: Final Report. NASCOP: Nairobi Kenya: August 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2158"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182829bd0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182576c07"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13633-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254140"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002989"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213056"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25513"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103258"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114947"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0286"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30178-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","unstructured":"The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Making the End of AIDS Real: Consensus Building around What We Mean by \u201cEpidemic Control.\u201d Glion: Switzerland; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","unstructured":"AIDSinfo team. UNAIDS Estimates. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org?did=5b4eb254dddb54192bb3971c&r=world&t=2020&tb=m&bt=mnli&ts=0 0&ml=2&mt=1 [Last accessed: September 21 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health National AIDS Control Council. Kenya AIDS Strategic Framework II 2020\/21\u20132024\/25. National AIDS Control Council: Nairobi Kenya; 2021."}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0054","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0054","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:16:43Z","timestamp":1777367803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2022.0054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}}}