{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:44:57Z","timestamp":1777380297149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that HIV-infection affects the fronto-striatal network. It has not been examined what impact efavirenz (EFV), an antiretroviral drug notorious for its neurocognitive effects, has on the reward system: a key subcomponent involved in depressive and apathy symptoms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of EFV on reward processing using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, asymptomatic adult participants stable on emtricitabine\/tenofovirdisoproxil fumarate (FTC\/TDF)\/EFV were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to switch to FTC\/TDF\/rilpivirine (RPV) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930) or continue taking FTC\/TDF\/EFV (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913). At baseline and 12 weeks after therapy switch, both groups performed an MID task. Behavior and functional brain activity related to reward anticipation and reward outcome were assessed with blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI. Both groups were matched for age, education level, and time since HIV diagnosis and on EFV. At the behavioral level, both groups had faster response times and better response accuracy during rewarding versus nonrewarding trials, with no improvement resulting from switching FTC\/TDF\/EFV to FTC\/TDF\/RPV. No significant change in activation related to reward anticipation in the ventral striatum was found after switching therapy. Both groups had significantly higher activation levels over time, consistent with a potential learning effect. Similar activity related to reward outcome in the orbitofrontal cortex was found. Discontinuing FTC\/TDF\/EFV was not found to improve activity related to reward anticipation in asymptomatic people living with HIV, with similar cortical functioning during reward outcome processing. It is therefore likely that EFV does not affect motivational control. Further research is needed to determine whether EFV affects motivational control in HIV populations with different characteristics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2022.0069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T07:08:35Z","timestamp":1675408115000},"page":"581-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Efavirenz on Reward Processing in Asymptomatic People Living with HIV: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick G.A.","family":"Oomen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte S.","family":"Hakkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joop E.","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido E.L.","family":"van der Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Pas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy I.M.","family":"Hoepelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berend J.","family":"van Welzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"SAMRC Genomics and Brain Disorders Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60604-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922203322280856"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000151"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Updated Recommendations on HIV Prevention Infant Diagnosis Antiretroviral Initiation and Monitoring: March 2021. WHO: Geneva; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines HIV prevention testing treatment service delivery and monitoring: Recomendation for public helath approach [Internet]; 2021. 548 p. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031593 [Last accessed: April5 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164619"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","unstructured":"van Sighem A Wit F Boyd A et al. HIV Monitoring Report 2021 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in the Netherlands; 2021. Available from: www.hiv-monitoring.nl [Last accessed: April5 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.823396"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821670fb"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d9ed09"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002079"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0382-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12503"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0263"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002984"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001876"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000680"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715000971"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00764-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00853-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120059"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283416873"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000246"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200108010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0593"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22771"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu153"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00153.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Residuals and Influence in Regression","volume":"147","author":"Robinson A","year":"1984","unstructured":"Robinson A, , Cook RD, , Weisberg S. Residuals and Influence in Regression. J R Stat Soc, 1984; 147:108.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs397"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.195701"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2059-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649899"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.6.1001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-007-9092-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:16:57Z","timestamp":1777367817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/aid.2022.0069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2022.0069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}}}