{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:46:10Z","timestamp":1777380370870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of HIV viral nonsuppression and HIV drug resistance (HIV-DR) in a cohort of people who inject drugs living with HIV (PWID-LH) and their sexual and injecting partners living with HIV in Kenya. HIV-DR testing was performed on participants with viral nonsuppression. Of 859 PWID-LH and their partners, 623 (72.5%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) \u22654 months and 148\/623 (23.8%) were not virally suppressed. Viral nonsuppression was more common among younger participants and those on ART for a shorter duration. Among 122\/148 (82.4%) successfully sequenced samples, 55 (45.1%) had detectable major HIV-DR mutations, mainly to non-nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI and NRTI). High levels of HIV-DR among those with viral nonsuppression suggests need for viral load monitoring, adherence counseling, and timely switching to alternate ART regimens in this key population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2023.0068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T04:42:00Z","timestamp":1702010520000},"page":"240-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virologic Nonsuppression and HIV Drug Resistance Among People Who Inject Drugs and Their Sexual and Injecting Partners in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavna H.","family":"Chohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanley","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley S.","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betsy","family":"Sambai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Global Assistance Program-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduan","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Giandhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loice W.","family":"Mbogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Global Assistance Program-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliza","family":"Monroe-Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Masyuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Bosire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha T.","family":"Ludwig-Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Sinkele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Support for Addictions Prevention and Treatment in Africa (SAPTA), Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tulio","family":"de Oliveria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South 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Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Use among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review\u2014MRC South Africa Report. 2012. Available from: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/hiv-aids\/publications\/People_who_use_drugs\/D01_BarriersART_2012_EN.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041083"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg100"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027460"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256249"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-11-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_13_2","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP) Ministry of Health K . Guidelines on use of Antiretroviral Drugs for testing and preventing HIV infection in Kenya. 2018. 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