{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:44:55Z","timestamp":1777380295139,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 and associated mortality continue to occur at unacceptably high rates, despite the extensive rollout and implementation of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programs, including the modified versions of Option B and B+ in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Maternal HIV viral load (VL) and socio-behavioral factors sustaining MTCT in Rwanda remain largely unexplored. The study examined the effects of socio-behavioral factors on maternal VL and their contribution to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission of HIV-1 in the context of Rwanda\u2019s HIV epidemic. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 862 mother\u2013baby pairs enrolled in 10 PMTCT clinics in Rwanda. VL was determined on plasma and Dried Blood Spots samples, whereas HIV DNA PCR was performed to determine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCT of HIV of the babies immediately at birth and then at 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 months, and 18 months, together with HIV antibody testing to determine other forms of MTCT of HIV. Quantitative data on socio-behavioral factors were collected through a structured questionnaire. Linear regression and univariate analysis of variances using SPSS 25.0 were used to test the hypotheses. We found 22\/862 (2.55%) cases of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission and a total of 32\/862 (3.7%) cases of MTCT of HIV-1 over 18 study months. Maternal VL at delivery was significantly associated with the risk of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission of HIV-1. Socio-behavioral factors associated with elevated maternal VL at delivery included alcohol, smoking, multiple sexual partners, mothers\u2019 income, being a casual laborer, and distance to health care services. We report an MTCT rate of 3.7% in our study population over the 18 months, higher than the national average of 1.5%, the majority of which occurred\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    . MTCT cases were attributable to failure to suppress maternal VL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2023.0117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T06:24:22Z","timestamp":1716272662000},"page":"575-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>In Utero<\/i>\n                    Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 and the Associated Factors in Rwanda, Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4698-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gad","family":"Rutayisire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ssemwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Mediheal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Ntale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwera Marie","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Gashema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enock","family":"Wekia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory\/Supranational Reference Laboratory, Uganda National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard Ssentalo","family":"Bagaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda."},{"name":"Department of Research, BMK Medical Laboratory Services, Mityana, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00463.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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