{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:23:29Z","timestamp":1777429409679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Biosaf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a Tier 1 overlap select agent and subject to the select agent regulations (42 CFR \u00a773 and 9 CFR \u00a7121). It is a gram-negative, motile, soil saprophyte, and the etiologic agent of melioidosis.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection can produce systemic illness and can be fatal in the absence of appropriate treatment. Laboratory exposures involving this organism may occur when appropriate containment measures are not employed. Current disease treatment inadequacies and the risk factors associated with melioidosis make this an agent of primary concern in research, commercial, and clinical laboratory environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study presents data reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Select Agents and Toxins for releases involving\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 2017\u20132019 that occurred in Biosafety Level (BSL)-2 and BSL-3 laboratories. Fifty-one Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)\/CDC Form 3 release reports led to the medical surveillance of 275 individuals. Entities offered post-exposure prophylaxis to \u223c76% of the individuals impacted in the presented events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory safety can be improved by implementing appropriate safety precautions to minimize exposures. Most of the incidents discussed in this evidence-based report occurred during work conducted in the absence of primary containment. None of the releases resulted in illness, death, or transmission to or among workers, nor was there transmission outside of a laboratory into the surrounding environment or community. Effective risk assessment and management strategies coupled with standard and special microbiological policies and procedures can result in reduced exposures and improved safety at facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2021.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T11:23:29Z","timestamp":1648034609000},"page":"84-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Monitoring Laboratory Occupational Exposures to\n                    <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LaTonya A.","family":"Clay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurtis W.","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry L.","family":"Adrianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lonnie T.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Von","family":"McClee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Edwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response, Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei adaptation for survival in stressful conditions","volume":"2018","author":"Duangurai T","unstructured":"Duangurai T, , Indrawattana N, , Pumirat P. Burkholderia pseudomallei adaptation for survival in stressful conditions. Biomed Res Int. 201827; 2018:3039106.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","author":"Dawson P","unstructured":"Dawson P, , Duwell MM, , Elrod MG, et al. Human melioidosis caused by novel transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from freshwater home aquarium, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(12):3030\u20133035.","journal-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","author":"Cossaboom CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cossaboom CM, , Marinova-Petkova A, , Strysko J, et al. Melioidosis in a resident of Texas with no recent travel history, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1295\u20131299.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Alert. Multistate Investigation of Non-travel Associated Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections (Melioidosis) in Three Patients: Kansas Texas and Minnesota\u20142021. 2021. CDC HAN-00444. https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2021\/han00444.asp (accessed December20 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Alert. Multistate Investigation of Non-travel Associated Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections (Melioidosis) in Three Patients: Kansas Texas Minnesota and Georgia\u20142021. 2021. CDC HAN-00448. https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2021\/han00448.asp (accessed December2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","author":"Shensky MG","unstructured":"Shensky MG, , Trelogan J, , Acquaye-Seedah, Roux SJ, , Brown KA. Geospatial analysis of environmental suitability for Burkholderia species using data analytics. World Melioidosis Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam, October 15\u201318, 2019. Poster presentation.","journal-title":"Burkholderia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","author":"CDC","unstructured":"CDC. Meliodosis cases and selected reports of occupational exposures to Burkholderia pseudomallei-United States, 2008\u20132013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(65):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","author":"Currie BJ","unstructured":"Currie BJ, , Dance DA, , Cheng AC. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(Suppl 1):S1\u2013S4.","journal-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","author":"Birnie E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birnie E, , Virk HS, , Savelkoel J, et al. Global burden of melioidosis, 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(8):892\u2013902.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"CDC. Melioidosis case definition. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC; 2012. https:\/\/ndc.services.cdc.gov\/case-definitions\/melioidosis-2012\/ (accessed 10 January 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","author":"Hemarajata P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hemarajata P, , Baghdadi JD, , Hoffman R, , Humphries RM. Burkholderia pseudomallei: challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(12):2866\u20132873.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","author":"Dance DAB","unstructured":"Dance DAB, , Limmathurotsakul D, , Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei: challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory\u2014a response from the front line. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(3):980\u2013982.","journal-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","author":"Mitchell PK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchell PK, , Campbell C, , Montgomery MP, et al. Noted from the field: travel-associated melioidosis and resulting laboratory exposures\u2014United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(37):1001\u20131002.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","author":"Morici L","unstructured":"Morici L, , Torres AG, , Titball RW. Novel multi-component vaccine approaches for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019;196(2):178\u2013188.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","author":"Schlech WF III","unstructured":"Schlech WF III, , Turchik JB, , Weslake REJr, , Klein GC, , Band JD, , Weaver RE. Laboratory acquired infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei (melioidosis). N Engl J Med. 1981;305(19):1133\u20131135.","journal-title":"Pseudomonas pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","author":"Green RN","year":"1968","unstructured":"Green RN, , Tuffnell PG. 1968. Laboratory acquired melioidosis. Am J Med. 1968;44(4):599\u2013605.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","author":"McCormick JB","unstructured":"McCormick JB, , Sexton DJ, , McMurray JG, , Carey E, , Hayes P, , Feldman RA. Human-to-human transmission of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Ann Intern Med. 1975;83(4):512\u2013513.","journal-title":"Pseudomonas pseudomallei"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","author":"CDC","unstructured":"CDC. Laboratory exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei\u2014Los Angeles, California, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(42):988\u2013990.","journal-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei\u2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","unstructured":"CDC. Federal Select Agent Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC; 2020. https:\/\/www.selectagents.gov\/ (accessed 20 January 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","author":"Morse S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morse S, , Henkel R. Francisella tularensis: understanding Reported Occupational Exposures and Laboratory Methods Used for the Identification of Francisella tularensis. Appl Biosaf. 2018;23(1):11\u201318.","journal-title":"Francisella tularensis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","author":"United States","unstructured":"United States, , Department of Health and Human Services. Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins; biennial review; final rule. Fed Reg. 2012;77(194):61083\u201361115.","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"CDC. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL). 6th edition. 2020. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/labs\/pdf\/CDC-BiosafetyMicrobiologicalBiomedicalLaboratories-2020-P.pdf (accessed January18 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"Conference","article-title":"The imperative to prevent lab acquired infections","author":"Pentella M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pentella M. 2020. The imperative to prevent lab acquired infections. [Oral Presentation]. Case Studies: Laboratory Acquired Infection. Association for Public Health Laboratories (APHL) 2020 Virtual. Conference.","journal-title":"[Oral Presentation]. Case Studies: Laboratory Acquired Infection. Association for Public Health Laboratories (APHL) 2020 Virtual"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","author":"Stewart T","unstructured":"Stewart T, , Engelthaler DM, , Blaney DD, et al. Epidemiology and investigation of melioidosis, Southern Arizona. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(7):1286\u20131288.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","author":"Beyan AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beyan AC, , Demiral Y, , Cimrin A. Employment status changes of workers after referral to an occupational disease clinic. J Occup Health. 2018;60(6):494\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"433","volume":"69","author":"Morse SA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morse SA, , Kellogg RB, , Perry S, et al. Detecting biothreat agents: the laboratory response network. ASM News. 2003; 69:433\u2013437.","journal-title":"ASM News"}],"container-title":["Applied Biosafety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/apb.2021.0039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apb.2021.0039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apb.2021.0039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:38:18Z","timestamp":1777376298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/apb.2021.0039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/apb.2021.0039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apb.2021.0039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-6760","2470-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-6760","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]}}}