{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1777429486406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Biosaf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), a potential pandemic pathogen (PPP), was discovered in a new species, cattle, in March 2024 in the United States. Soon thereafter it was discovered that infectious virus could be present in milk at very high titers (up to 10 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      50% egg infectious doses per mL). Therefore, \u201cemergency\u201d testing to confirm that current milk processing methods used to reduce bacterial pathogens were sufficient to inactivate HPAIV was needed. Continuous flow pasteurization (CFP) is the industry standard, and the conditions defined in the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration needed to be validated with HPAIV. To accomplish this, biosafety procedures for an experimental design that required a pilot-scale CFP with high volumes of HPAIV-contaminated milk needed to be developed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous information sources, including subject matter experts, were utilized to acquire information for risk assessments and to develop procedures for a new, large-scale piece of equipment that required 5L of a PPP at a high titer per test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Application-specific equipment such as sample and waste vessels with sealed ports, tubing with valved connection, and high efficiency particulate air-filtered vents were designed with corresponding safety procedures, such as seal integrity testing of the sample vessels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of high volumes of infectious material, the scale of the equipment, and time constraints presented unique challenges to balance biosafety and research objectives. Innovative engineering and procedural approaches allowed the research to be completed successfully in a time-sensitive manner while mitigating biosafety risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2024.0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1740996025000},"page":"132-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Case Study of Biosafety Considerations and Solutions for Work with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus with Large-Scale Equipment in High Biocontainment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Chaplinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS (Agricultural Research Service), U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS (Agricultural Research Service), U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS (Agricultural Research Service), U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Spackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, USDA-ARS (Agricultural Research Service), U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2099"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","article-title":"Experimental reproduction of viral replication and disease in dairy calves and lactating cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b","volume":"2024","author":"Baker AL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker AL, , Arruda B, , Palmer MV, et al. Experimental reproduction of viral replication and disease in dairy calves and lactating cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. bioRxiv, 2024; 2024.07.12.603337; doi: 10.1101\/2024.07.12.603337","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2024.100349"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Grade \u201cA\u201d Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. Silver Spring MD; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/140394\/download [Last accessed: May16 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-525"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2021.0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00881-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current H5N1 Bird Flu Situation in Dairy Cows. Atlanta GA; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/situation-summary\/mammals.html [Last accessed: December2 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. Enhance Biosecurity. Washington DC; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/livestock-poultry-disease\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-detections\/livestock\/enhance-biosecurity [Last accessed: December2 2024]."}],"container-title":["Applied Biosafety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/apb.2024.0061","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apb.2024.0061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apb.2024.0061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:38:45Z","timestamp":1777376325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/apb.2024.0061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/apb.2024.0061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apb.2024.0061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-6760","2470-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-6760","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}}}