{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:51:24Z","timestamp":1791085884742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India's National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) provides free first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) at government centers for people living with HIV. To assist in developing policies and programs to ensure equity in ART access, we explored barriers to ART access among female sex workers (FSWs) living with HIV in Chennai. Between August and November 2007, we conducted three focus group discussions and two key informant interviews. Data were explored using framework analysis to identify categories and derive themes. We found interrelated barriers at the family\/social, health care system\/programmatic, and individual levels. Major barriers included fear of adverse consequences of disclosure of HIV status due to stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and sex work, lack of family support, negative experiences with health care providers, lack of adequate counseling services at government centers and by outreach workers employed by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), perceived biased treatment of FSWs who are not referred by NGOs, lack of adequate knowledge about ART, and fatalism. Barriers can be addressed by: creating effective measures to reduce stigma associated with HIV\/AIDS and sex work at the familial, societal, and health care system levels; incorporating information about ART into targeted interventions among FSWs; training counselors at government hospitals and NGO outreach workers on treatment issues; improving infrastructure and staffing levels at government centers to allow adequate time and privacy for counseling; and implementing government mass media campaigns on ART availability. Finally, it is crucial that NACO begin monitoring ART coverage of FSWs and other marginalized populations to ensure equitable ART access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,12]],"date-time":"2009-10-12T14:24:24Z","timestamp":1255357464000},"page":"973-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Barriers to Free Antiretroviral Treatment Access for Female Sex Workers in Chennai, India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Venkatesan","family":"Chakrapani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Network for People Living with HIV\/AIDS (INP+)","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Faculty of Social Work\/Centre for Applied Social Research","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murali","family":"Shunmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Network for People Living with HIV\/AIDS (INP+)","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham K.","family":"Kurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Network for People Living with HIV\/AIDS (INP+)","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dubrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO). Strategy and Implementation Plan\u2014National AIDS Control Programme Phase III [2007\u20132012] New Delhi India: NACO 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO). UNGASS Country Progress Report 2008\u2014India. Reporting Period: January 2006 to December 2007. New Delhi India: NACO 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.4.1091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Abraham KK Chakrapani V Ram E John J Shanmugam M Thomas J. India. Missing the Target\u2014Off Target for 2010: How to Avoid Breaking the Promise of Universal Access 2006. Update to ITPC's AIDS Treatment Report from the Frontlines. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) May 24 2006; 16\u201319. hwww.aidstreatmentaccess.org\/itpcupdatefinal.pdf. 2009 January 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Abraham KK Chakrapani V Ram E Ramesh AS John J. India. 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