{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:47:48Z","timestamp":1777553268697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are common in the general and HIV-infected populations alike. Defined as levels less than 30\u2009ng\/mL, suboptimal vitamin D is known to afflict over 70% of representative samples from each group in resource-rich countries with even greater prevalence in resource-poor regions of the world. In both those with and without HIV, dark skin, low vitamin D intake, exiguous exposure to sunlight, and season act as risk factors for suboptimal vitamin D levels. In those infected with HIV, antiretroviral therapy, particularly non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), increase risk for low vitamin D as well. Furthermore, metabolic aberrations, including obesity and hyperlipidemia, and miscellaneous risk factors, such as advanced AIDS and substance abuse, have been linked to suboptimal vitamin D in those with HIV. While the skeletal and cardiovascular systems of HIV patients may be adversely impacted as a result of low levels, recent data have also linked low vitamin D to decreased CD4 counts, higher viral loads, and to critical end points including progression to AIDS events and death. More research is needed to confirm these potential consequences of low vitamin D in those with HIV and to discern the benefits of routine screening for and treatment of low vitamin D in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T11:33:14Z","timestamp":1343993594000},"page":"516-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Review of Metabolic, Immunologic, and Virologic Consequences of Suboptimal Vitamin D Levels in HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Allen T.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Forest W.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(46)90048-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4547.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1824-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01924.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-010-0079-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821ae418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.24.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328337b161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109711399657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004269142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-7-40"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c3281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834544af"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"A42","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in the SENSE trial: etravirine versus efavirenz in treatment-na\u00efve HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"15","author":"Rockstroh J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rockstroh J, , Stoehr A, , Duiculescu D et al. 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