{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:50:18Z","timestamp":1784811018908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of components associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of MS in the HIV population is increasing in epidemic proportions globally. However, the magnitude and characteristics of MS are not fully elucidated in developing countries. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the prevalence of MS and its components among people living with HIV (PLWH) in developing countries. Searches were carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, other web sources, and by hand search. Articles were restricted to English language studies reporting on the prevalence of MS among PLWH in developing countries. Eighteen articles were included in the review. The studies were divided into Africa, South America, and Asia regions. The most frequent criterion used in the review was the National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Program III 2001 definition. The prevalence of MS among PLWH ranged from 8.4% to 47% across the developing regions and comparable to the overall prevalence across the developed regions (7.8\u201352.2%). The mean prevalence was 30.5%, 21.5%, and 21.4% in Africa, Asia, and South America, respectively. The most frequent component observed was low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (50.1%). This systematic review provides an essential overview on the distribution of MS in the HIV population across the developing regions. As these prevalences were comparably high in the developed regions, this review highlights the need for more robust research in developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,4]],"date-time":"2017-01-04T14:11:46Z","timestamp":1483539106000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among People Living with HIV in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sivaraj","family":"Naidu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasheela","family":"Ponnampalvanar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]},{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrul Bahyah","family":"Kamaruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeeba","family":"Kamarulzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]},{"name":"University of Malaya","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/sum041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberti K Zimmet P. Definition Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Provisional Report of a WHO Consultation. Diabetic Medicine UK 1998.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"2486","article-title":"Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Vol. 151","volume":"285","author":"Report F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Report F. Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Vol. 151. Arch Intern Med, 2001; 285:2486\u20132497.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67402-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000111245.75752.C6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199912240-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318074ef83"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817af461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-10-32"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"International Statistical Institute. Developing Countries [Internet]. Available at: www.isi-web.org\/index.php\/resources\/developing-countries (Last accessed September15 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"830","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and sub clinical atherosclerosis: Influence of HIV status and HAART","volume":"1","author":"Mital P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mital P, , Goyal L, , Saini DHL. Metabolic syndrome and sub clinical atherosclerosis: Influence of HIV status and HAART. Sch J Appl Med Sci, 2013; 1:830\u2013836.","journal-title":"Sch J Appl Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-9-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0104-4230(12)70157-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in a group of AIDS patients","volume":"2","author":"Silva \u00c9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva \u00c9, , Bassichetto K, , Lewi D. Lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in a group of AIDS patients. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2009; 2:107\u2013111.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in people with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"3","author":"Werberich A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Werberich A, , Ceren J. Metabolic syndrome in people with HIV\/AIDS. J AIDS, 2013; 3:293\u2013297.","journal-title":"J AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected outpatients from a hospital in Quito, Ecuador: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Villamar MF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villamar MF, , Albuja AC, , Ignacio N, , Salas C. Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected outpatients from a hospital in Quito, Ecuador: A cross-sectional study. Rev Panam Infectol, 2011; 13:12\u201318.","journal-title":"Rev Panam Infectol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413-8670(10)70030-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2014\/5117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/wja.2014.41011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-92"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S42350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome among HIV positive individuals on highly active anti-retroviral treatment in Jimma, South West Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Berhane T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berhane T, , Yami A, , Alemseged F, et al. Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome among HIV positive individuals on highly active anti-retroviral treatment in Jimma, South West Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J, 2012; 13:43.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2014.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016211796320360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.107821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S15818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in developing countries","volume":"51","author":"Mohan V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohan V, , Deepa M. The metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Diabetes Voice, 2006; 51:15\u201317.","journal-title":"Diabetes Voice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511424482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/760963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/920983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/193719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"557","article-title":"Demographic and clinical correlates of metabolic syndrome in Native African type-2 diabetic patients","volume":"97","author":"Isezuo SA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Isezuo SA, , Ezunu E. Demographic and clinical correlates of metabolic syndrome in Native African type-2 diabetic patients. J Natl Med Assoc, 2005; 97:557\u2013563.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283449167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003\u20132006","volume":"13","author":"Ervin RB.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ervin RB. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003\u20132006. Natl Health Stat Report, 2009; 13:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in Portugal: Prevalence and implications for cardiovascular risk\u2014Results from the VALSIM Study","volume":"27","author":"Dias A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dias A, , Neves A, , Fraz\u00e3o A, , Pereira A. Metabolic syndrome in Portugal: Prevalence and implications for cardiovascular risk\u2014Results from the VALSIM Study. Rev Port Cardiol, 2008; 27:1495\u20131529.","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540500361302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.7.1253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328334344e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00697.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401105010049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413-8670(10)70115-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800034-JLR200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-3-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.19.3.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adjudicated morbidity and mortality outcomes by age among individuals with HIV infection on suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"9","author":"Miller CJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miller CJ, , Baker JV, , Bormann AM, et al. Adjudicated morbidity and mortality outcomes by age among individuals with HIV infection on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One, 2014; 9:1\u201311.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182690e3c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b93a23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016210790442731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","first-page":"849","article-title":"Association of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome in a puerto rican adult population","volume":"5","author":"Calo WA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calo WA, , Ortiz AP, , Su\u00e1rez E, , Guzm\u00e1n M, , P\u00e9rez CM. Association of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome in a puerto rican adult population. Int J Prev Med, 2014; 5:849\u2013856.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"7","author":"Sun K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun K, , Liu J, , Ning G. Active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One, 2012; 7:1\u20139.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:03:08Z","timestamp":1777399388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/apc.2016.0140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/apc.2016.0140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2016.0140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-2914","1557-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-2914","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7449","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}