{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:55:11Z","timestamp":1789523711234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although HIV self-testing (HIVST) has expanded in many regions, a few HIVST services have been tailored for and organized by youth. Innovative HIVST models are needed to differentiate testing services and generate local demand for HIVST among youth. The current pilot study aimed at examining the feasibility and efficacy of crowdsourced youth-led strategies to enhance HIVST as well as sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Teams of youth iteratively developed HIVST interventions using crowdsourcing approaches and apprenticeship training. Five interventions were selected and then evaluated among youth (ages 14\u201324) from September 2019 to March 2020. Given the similar outcomes and approaches, we present cumulative data from the completed interventions. We assessed HIVST uptake (self-report), STI uptake (facility reports for gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis B, and chlamydia testing), and quality of youth participation. Mixed-effect logistic regression models estimated intervention effects at baseline and 6 months. Of the 388 youths enrolled, 25.3% were aged 14\u201319, 58.0% were male, and 54.1% had completed secondary education. We observed a significant increase in HIVST from 3 months compared with 6 months (20% vs. 90%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among those who received an HIVST at 3 months, 324 out of 388 were re-tested at 6 months. We also observed significant increases in testing for all four STIs: syphilis (5\u201348%), gonorrhea (5\u201343%), chlamydia (1\u201345%), and hepatitis B testing (14\u201355%) from baseline to the 6-month follow-up. Youth participation in the intervention was robust. Youth-led HIVST intervention approaches were feasible and resulted in increased HIV\/STI test uptake. Further research on the effectiveness of these HIVST services is needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1644578173000},"page":"64-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Enhancing HIV Self-Testing Among Nigerian Youth: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the 4 Youth by Youth Study Using Crowdsourced Youth-Led Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliet","family":"Iwelunmor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ezechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3881-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisom","family":"Obiezu-Umeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titilola","family":"Gbaja-Biamila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."},{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adesola Z.","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ucheoma","family":"Nwaozuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Oladele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."},{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins O.","family":"Airhihenbuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heath Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Muessig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donaldson F.","family":"Conserve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nkengasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadija M.","family":"Tahlil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"BeLue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health &amp; Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbenga","family":"Ogedegbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25666"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-13-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1662685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00648-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2020-000556"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61659-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30070-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Guidelines on HIV Self-Testing and Partner Notification: Supplement to Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services. 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