{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:25:27Z","timestamp":1791386727524,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":349,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) functions as a cofactor for several important enzyme systems, and considerable evidence implicates BH4 as a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the setting of cardiovascular health and disease. BH4 bioavailability is determined by a balance of enzymatic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    synthesis and recycling,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    degradation in the setting of oxidative stress. Augmenting vascular BH4 levels by pharmacological supplementation has been shown in experimental studies to enhance NO bioavailability. However, it has become more apparent that the role of BH4 in other enzymatic pathways, including other NOS isoforms and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, may have a bearing on important aspects of vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and cardiac function. This article reviews the role of BH4 in cardiovascular development and homeostasis, as well as in pathophysiological processes such as endothelial and vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cardiac hypertrophy. We discuss the therapeutic potential of BH4 in cardiovascular disease states and attempt to address how this modulator of intracellular NO-redox balance may ultimately provide a powerful new treatment for many cardiovascular diseases.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                    20, 3040\u20133077.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T02:52:58Z","timestamp":1386039178000},"page":"3040-3077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["Tetrahydrobiopterin in Cardiovascular Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Bendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"McNeill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M.","family":"Channon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs005"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"440","article-title":"Increased endothelial tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis reduces vein graft atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice","volume":"112","author":"Ali ZA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ali ZA, , Alp N, , Tatham AL, , Greaves DR, , and Channon KM. 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