{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:07:42Z","timestamp":1790712462316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Significance:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS\/RNS) play an important role in cell signaling pathways. However, the increased production of these species may disrupt cellular homeostasis, giving rise to pathological conditions. Biomaterials that are responsive to ROS\/RNS can be strategically used to specifically release therapeutics and diagnostic agents to regions undergoing oxidative stress.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Recent Advances:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Many nanocarriers intended to exploit redox micro-environments as triggers for drug release, summarized and compared in this review, have recently been developed. We describe these carriers' chemical structures, strategies for payload protection and oxidation-selective release, and ROS\/RNS sensitivity as tested in initial studies.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Critical Issues:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    ROS\/RNS are unstable, so reliable measures of their concentrations in various conditions are scarce. Combined with the dearth of materials shown to respond to physiologically relevant levels of ROS\/RNS, evaluations of their true sensitivity are difficult.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Future Directions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Oxidation-responsive nanocarriers developed thus far show tremendous potential for applicability\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; however, the sensitivity of these chemistries needs to be fine tuned to enable responses to physiological levels of ROS and RNS.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 21, 730\u2013754.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1386916318000},"page":"730-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Exploiting Oxidative Microenvironments in the Body as Triggers for Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shivanjali","family":"Joshi-Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"de Gracia Lux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adah","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Principles and Reactions of Protein Extraction, Purification, and Characterization","author":"Ahmed H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahmed H. 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