{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:33:11Z","timestamp":1791271991257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Significance:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Oxygen, the main mode of support for premature infants with immature lungs, can cause toxicity by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt homeostasis; yet, these same molecules were entrained to promote vertebrate lung phylogeny. By providing a deeper understanding of this paradox, we propose physiologically rational strategies to prevent chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Recent Advances:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    To prevent neonatal hyperoxic lung damage biologically, we have exploited the alveolar defense mechanism(s) that evolutionarily evolved to combat increased atmospheric oxygen during the vertebrate water to land transition.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Critical Issues:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Over the course of vertebrate lung evolution, ROS promoted the formation of lipofibroblasts, specialized adepithelial cells, which protect the alveoli against oxidant injury; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3), the master switch for lipofibroblast differentiation, prevents such oxidant lung injury, both by directly promoting mesodermal differentiation and its antioxidant defenses, and indirectly by stimulating the developmental epithelial\u2013mesenchymal paracrine interactions that have physiologically determined lung surfactant production in accord with the lung's phylogenetic adaptation to atmospheric oxygen, preventing Respiratory Distress Syndrome at birth.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Future Directions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The molecular strategy (PPAR\u03b3 agonists) to prevent CLD of prematurity, proposed by us, although seems to be robust, effective, and safe under experimental conditions, it awaits detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies for its safe and effective clinical translation to human infants.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                    21, 1893\u20131904.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T07:16:06Z","timestamp":1388992566000},"page":"1893-1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The Lung Alveolar Lipofibroblast: An Evolutionary Strategy Against Neonatal Hyperoxic Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Virender K.","family":"Rehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Torday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"L848","article-title":"Developmental shift in the relative percentages of lung fibroblast subsets: role of apoptosis postseptation","volume":"277","author":"Awonusonu F","year":"1999","unstructured":"Awonusonu F, , Srinivasan S, , Strange J, , Al-Jumaily W, , and Bruce MC. 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