{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:40Z","timestamp":1787008240181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bioactive sulfur species such as hydrogen sulfide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      S), persulfide species (R-S\n                      <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                      SH,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20091), hydrogen polysulfide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      S\n                      <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20092), sulfur dioxide (SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and carbon disulfide (CS\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) participate in various physiological and\/or pathological pathways such as vasodilation, apoptosis, inflammation, and energy metabolism regulation. The oxidation state of the individual sulfur species endows them unique biological activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There have been great strides made in achieving molecular understanding of the sulfur-signaling processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The development of various chemical tools that deliver reactive sulfur species in a controllable manner has played an important role in understanding the different roles of various sulfur species. In this review, we focus on three types of sulfur species, including persulfide, SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CS\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Starting with a brief introduction of their physiological functions, we will then assess the various drug delivery strategies to generate persulfide species, SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CS\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      as research tools and potentially as therapeutic agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Development of donors of various sulfur species that respond to distinct stimulus is critical for this field. Another key to the long-term success of this field is the identification of an area of unmet medical need that can be addressed with these sulfur species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T04:49:39Z","timestamp":1581396579000},"page":"1046-1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prodrugs of Persulfides, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Disulfide: Important Tools for Studying Sulfur Signaling at Various Oxidation States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Bingchen","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 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