{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:49:04Z","timestamp":1787806144970,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metformin has been proposed as a treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The primary target of metformin, the electron transport chain complex I in the mitochondria, is associated with redox homeostasis in immune cells, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review addresses the evidence and knowledge gaps on whether a beneficial effect of metformin in lupus may be due to a restoration of a balanced redox state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trials in SLE patients with mild-to-moderate disease activity and preclinical studies in mice have provided encouraging results for metformin. The mechanism by which this therapeutic effect was achieved is largely unknown. Metformin regulates redox homeostasis in a context-specific manner. Multiple cell types contribute to SLE, with evidence of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in T cells and neutrophils.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The major knowledge gaps are whether the efficacy of metformin is linked to a restored redox homeostasis in the immune system, and if it does, in which cell types it occurs? We also need to know which patients may have a better response to metformin, and whether it corresponds to a specific mechanism? Finally, the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment outcomes would be of great value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mechanistic studies must address the context-dependent pharmacological effects of metformin. Multiple cell types as well as a complex disease etiology should be considered. These studies must integrate the rapid advances made in understanding how metabolic programs direct the effector functions of immune cells.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                      36, 462\u2013479.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T17:03:01Z","timestamp":1633798981000},"page":"462-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Redox Homeostasis Involvement in the Pharmacological Effects of Metformin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261560998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.639021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-809004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1311-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-006-9003-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1769"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320904784"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf1933"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.703972"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06686-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2000033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321776111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.11.2.18813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"2829","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and cell injury in single cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia and reoxygenation","volume":"27","author":"Di Lisa F","year":"1995","unstructured":"Di Lisa F, , Silverman HS, , and Hansford RG. Mitochondrial function and cell injury in single cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia and reoxygenation. Transplant Proc, 27: 2829\u20132830, 1995.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"2393","article-title":"Metformin mitigates autoimmune insulitis by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 responses while promoting Treg production","volume":"11","author":"Duan W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan W, , Ding Y, , Yu X, , Ma D, , Yang B, , Li Y, , Huang L, , Chen Z, , Zheng J, , and Yang C. Metformin mitigates autoimmune insulitis by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 responses while promoting Treg production. Am J Transl Res, 11: 2393\u20132402, 2019.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-008-0118-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00307-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","unstructured":"This reference has been deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010082"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200201)46:1<175::AID-ART10015>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317751047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-845-4_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.67.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113251108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez631"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(03)00027-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt532"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1904-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01159-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30485-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02255913"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.8.1481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2013.837059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","unstructured":"This reference has been deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00508-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095956"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13270"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0125-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1129-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.604421"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minato N. T cell senescence and autoimmunity. In: Innovative Medicine: Basic Research and Development edited by Nakao K Minato N and Uemoto S. Tokyo: Springer 2015 pp. 119\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55651-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1620601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38778-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2005.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.633845"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.121806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-020-0335-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7038603"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180490452576"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20900\/immunometab20200012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","author":"Poholek CH","unstructured":"Poholek CH, , Raphael I, , Wu D, , Revu S, , Rittenhouse N, , Uche UU, , Majumder S, , Kane LP, , Poholek AC, , and McGeachy MJ. Noncanonical STAT3 activity sustains pathogenic Th17 proliferation and cytokine response to antigen. J Exp Med 217, 2020.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.10.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061656"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Metformin in cancer: chemical pathways for tumoral control independent of amp-dependent kinase","volume":"2","author":"Rojas Quintero J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rojas Quintero J, , Ch\u00e1vez M, , Torres W, , Arraiz N, , Cabrera de Bravo M, , and Bermudez V. Metformin in cancer: chemical pathways for tumoral control independent of amp-dependent kinase. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity, 2: 1036, 2014.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11296"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-019-00019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0420-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)90366-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.555765"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/973986"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01908.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30004-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301680416940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801651"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21405"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.29.18092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00294"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39296"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90301-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(70)90156-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_145_2","first-page":"487","article-title":"Modulation of endogenous glutathione availability","volume":"2","author":"Wernerman J","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wernerman J, and Hammarqvist F. Modulation of endogenous glutathione availability. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2: 487\u2013492, 1999.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_151_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"[Efficacy and safety of metformin for Behcet's disease and its effect on Treg\/Th17 balance: a single-blinded, before-after study]","volume":"39","author":"Yong C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yong C, , Dan L, , Chenhong L, , Yan S, , Jianfei C, , and Jianlong G. [Efficacy and safety of metformin for Behcet's disease and its effect on Treg\/Th17 balance: a single-blinded, before-after study]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 39: 127\u2013133, 2019.","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1567-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3782"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.659738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10541-005-0103-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1001"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0070","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0070","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:54:55Z","timestamp":1777377295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ars.2021.0070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2021.0070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-0864","1557-7716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-0864","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}