{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:12:48Z","timestamp":1790827968501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ischemia\u2013reperfusion (IR) injury is a major component of severe damage in vascular occlusion during stroke, myocardial infarction, surgery, and organ transplantation, and is exacerbated by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which occurs particularly during reperfusion. With the aging of the population, IR injury is becoming a serious problem in various organs, such as the kidney, brain, and heart, as well as in the mesenteric capillaries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To prevent reperfusion injuries, natural and synthetic low-molecular-weight (LMW) antioxidants have been well studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      However, these LMW antioxidants have various problems, including adverse effects due to excessive cellular uptake and their rapid clearance by the kidney, and cannot fully exert their potent antioxidant capacity\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To overcome these problems, we designed and developed redox polymers with antioxidants covalently conjugated with them. These polymers self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media, referred to as redox nanoparticles (RNPs). RNPs suppress their uptake into normal cells, accumulate at inflammation sites, and effectively scavenge ROS in damaged tissues. We had developed two types of RNPs: RNP\n                      <jats:sup>N<\/jats:sup>\n                      , which disintegrates in response to acidic pH; and RNP\n                      <jats:sup>O<\/jats:sup>\n                      , which does not collapse, regardless of the environmental pH. Utilizing the pH-sensitive and -insensitive characteristics of RNP\n                      <jats:sup>N<\/jats:sup>\n                      and RNP\n                      <jats:sup>O<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, RNPs were found to exhibit remarkable therapeutic effects on various oxidative stress disorders, including IR injuries. Thus, RNPs are promising nanomedicines for use as next-generation antioxidants. This review summarizes the therapeutic impacts of RNPs in the treatment of kidney, cerebral, myocardial, and intestinal IR injuries.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                      36, 70\u201380.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1622606138000},"page":"70-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Self-Assembling Antioxidants for Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3847-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Yoshitomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7975-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukio","family":"Nagasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan."},{"name":"Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan."},{"name":"Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6758-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md11030960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000069318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.670885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"737","article-title":"Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: a critical evaluation with special reference to atherosclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Halliwell B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Halliwell B. 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