{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:14:12Z","timestamp":1788322452905,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polysulfide species (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      R-S\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      -R\u2032,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20092; and R-S\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      -H,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20091) exist in many organisms. The highly nucleophilic nature of hydropersulfides and hydropolysulfides contributes to the potent antioxidant activities of polysulfide species that protect organisms against oxidative and electrophilic stresses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accumulating evidence suggests that organic polysulfides (R-S\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      -R\u2032) readily undergo alkaline hydrolysis, which results in formation of both nucleophilic hydrosulfide\/polysulfide (R-S\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                        \u22121\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      H) and electrophilic sulfenic acid (R\u2032SOH) species. Polysulfides maintain a steady-state equilibrium that is driven by hydrolysis even in aqueous physiological milieus. This unique property makes polysulfide chemistry and biology more complex than previously believed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The hydrolysis equilibrium of polysulfides shifts to the right when electrophiles are present. Strong electrophilic alkylating agents (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      monobromobimane) greatly enhance polysulfide hydrolysis, which leads to increased polysulfide degradation and artifactual formation of bis-S-bimane adducts in the absence of free hydrogen sulfide. The finding that hydroxyl group-containing substances such as tyrosine efficiently protected polysulfides from hydrolysis led to development of the new alkylating agent,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      -iodoacetyl\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -tyrosine methyl ester (TME-IAM). TME-IAM efficiently and specifically traps and stabilizes hydropolysulfides and protects polysulfide chains from hydrolysis, and, when used with mass spectrometry, TME-IAM allows speciation of the reactive sulfur metabolome. In addition, the polyethylene glycol-conjugated maleimide-labeling gel shift assay, which relies on unique hydrolysis equilibrium of polysulfides, will be a reliable technique for proteomics of polysulfide-containing proteins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using precise methodologies to achieve a better understanding of the occurrence and metabolism of polysulfide species is necessary to gain insights into the undefined biology of polysulfide species.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                      36, 327\u2013336.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T06:09:34Z","timestamp":1629353374000},"page":"327-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species: Hydrolysis-Driven Equilibrium of Polysulfides as a Determinant of Physiological Functions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Sawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 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