{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:45:48Z","timestamp":1791254748376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Lithopanspermia space experiment was launched in 2007 with the European Biopan facility for a 10-day spaceflight on board a Russian Foton retrievable satellite. Lithopanspermia included for the first time the vagrant lichen species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspicilia fruticulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Guadalajara steppic highlands (Central Spain), as well as other lichen species. During spaceflight, the samples were exposed to selected space conditions, that is, the space vacuum, cosmic radiation, and different spectral ranges of solar radiation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2265\u2009110, \u2265200, \u2265290, or \u2265400\u2009nm, respectively). After retrieval, the algal and fungal metabolic integrity of the samples were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">a<\/jats:italic>\n                    fluorescence, ultrastructure, and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange rates. Whereas the space vacuum and cosmic radiation did not impair the metabolic activity of the lichens, solar electromagnetic radiation, especially in the wavelength range between 100 and 200\u2009nm, caused reduced chlorophyll\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">a<\/jats:italic>\n                    yield fluorescence; however, there was a complete recovery after 72\u2009h of reactivation. All samples showed positive rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in the gas exchange experiment. Although the ultrastructure of all flight samples showed some probable stress-induced changes (such as the presence of electron-dense bodies in cytoplasmic vacuoles and between the chloroplast thylakoids in photobiont cells as well as in cytoplasmic vacuoles of the mycobiont cells), we concluded that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. fruticulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    was capable of repairing all space-induced damage. Due to size limitations within the Lithopanspermia hardware, the possibility for replication on the sun-exposed samples was limited, and these first results on the resistance of the lichen symbiosis\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. fruticulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    to space conditions and, in particular, on the spectral effectiveness of solar extraterrestrial radiation must be considered preliminary. Further testing in space and under space-simulated conditions will be required. Results of this study indicate that the quest to discern the limits of lichen symbiosis resistance to extreme environmental conditions remains open. Key Words: Astrobiology\u2014Lichens\u2014Panspermia\u2014Chlorophyll fluorescence\u2014CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange\u2014Ultrastructure. Astrobiology 11, 281\u2013292.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2010.0588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]],"date-time":"2011-05-05T10:55:31Z","timestamp":1304592931000},"page":"281-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Whole Lichen Thalli Survive Exposure to Space Conditions: Results of Lithopanspermia Experiment with\n                    <i>Aspicilia fruticulosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Raggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ascaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115, bis. 28006, Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"De La Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial (INTA)","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"De Los R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115, bis. 28006, Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wierzchos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115, bis. 28006, Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Horneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Luft-und Raumfahrtmedizin","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.G.","family":"Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Die Verbreitung des Lebens im Weltenraum","volume":"7","author":"Arrhenius S.","year":"1903","unstructured":"Arrhenius S. 1903. Die Verbreitung des Lebens im Weltenraum. Umschau, 7:481\u2013485.","journal-title":"Umschau"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282978000304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01624009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002428298600004X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282988000076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01276362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The survival of microorganisims under simulated space conditions","volume":"8","author":"Buecker H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Buecker H., , Horneck G. 1970. The survival of microorganisims under simulated space conditions. Life Sci Space Res, 8:33\u201338.","journal-title":"Life Sci Space Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-007-9112-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24310\/Actabotanicaabmabm.v4i.9685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"443","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology","author":"De la Torre R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"De la Torre R., , Horneck G., , Sancho L.G., , Scherer K., , Facius R., , Urlings T., , Rettberg P., , Reina M., , Pintado A. 2002. Photoecological characterization of an epilithic ecosystem at high mountain locality (central Spain) Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology. Lacoste H. ESA SP-518, ESA Publications Division: Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 443\u2013444."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology, Mars: the Search for Life","author":"De la Torre R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"De la Torre R., , Horneck G., , Sancho L.G., , Pintado A., , Scherer K., , Facius R., , Deutschmann U., , Reina M., , Baglioni P., , Demets R. 2003. Studies of lichens from high mountain regions in outer space: the Biopan experiment. Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology, Mars: the Search for Life. Harris R.A., , Ouwehand L. ESA SP-545, ESA Publications Division: Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 193\u2013194."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2010.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56359-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282905014969"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9449-0_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550403001216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2003.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2006.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01160396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2005.5.726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051514698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420000541"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050439"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01581989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(94)00190-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(94)90448-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012746130771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85243-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Handbook of Lichenology II","author":"Kappen L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kappen L. 1988. Ecophysiological relationships in different climatic regions. Handbook of Lichenology II. Galun M. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 37\u2013100."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420007626-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07747.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2390111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-2530(17)30749-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2005.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56359-1_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-0633(00)00083-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(98)00189-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Photoprotective strategies in lichens: an experimental approach using Evernia prunastri","volume":"94","author":"Millanes A.M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Millanes A.M., , Vicente C. 2003. Photoprotective strategies in lichens: an experimental approach using Evernia prunastri. J Hattori Bot Lab, 94:293\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Hattori Bot Lab"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","volume-title":"A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology","author":"\u00d8vstedal D.O.","year":"2001","unstructured":"\u00d8vstedal D.O., , Lewis Smith R.I.editors2001. Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-1162-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282905015021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2007.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Zur Darwinschen Lehre","volume":"126","author":"Richter H.","year":"1865","unstructured":"Richter H. 1865. Zur Darwinschen Lehre. Schmidts Jahrb Ges Med, 126:243\u2013249.","journal-title":"Schmidts Jahrb Ges Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Ecophysiology and morphology of the globular erratic lichen Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.) Flag. from Central Spain","volume":"75","author":"Sancho L.G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sancho L.G., , Schroeter B., , Del Prado R. 2000. Ecophysiology and morphology of the globular erratic lichen Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.) Flag. from Central Spain. Bibl Lichenol, 75:137\u2013147.","journal-title":"Bibl Lichenol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2006.0046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis","author":"Schreiber U.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schreiber U., , Bilger W., , Neubauer C. 1994. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a nonintrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis. Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, 1 Schulze E.-D., , Cadwell M.M. Springer: Berlin, 49\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2394231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00708.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Environmental modification in crustose lichens II. Fruticose growth forms in Aspicilia","volume":"6","author":"Weber W.A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Weber W.A. 1967. Environmental modification in crustose lichens II. Fruticose growth forms in Aspicilia. Aquilo Ser Bot, 6:43\u201351.","journal-title":"Aquilo Ser Bot"}],"container-title":["Astrobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ast.2010.0588","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ast.2010.0588","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ast.2010.0588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1777377835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ast.2010.0588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ast.2010.0588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ast.2010.0588","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-1074","1557-8070"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-1074","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8070","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}}}