{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:17:36Z","timestamp":1790360256408,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Solar radiation is among the most prominent stress factors organisms face during space travel and possibly on other planets. Our analysis of three different halophilic archaea, namely\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halobacterium salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    NRC-1,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halococcus morrhuae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halococcus hamelinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which were exposed to simulated solar radiation in either dried or liquid state, showed tremendous differences in tolerance and survivability. We found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. hamelinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not able to withstand high fluences of simulated solar radiation compared to the other tested organisms. These results can be correlated to significant differences in genomic integrity following exposure, as visualized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)\u2013PCR. In contrast to the other two tested strains,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. hamelinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    accumulates compatible solutes such as trehalose for osmoprotection. The addition of 100\u2009m\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    trehalose to the growth medium of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. hamelinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    improved its survivability following exposure. Exposure of cells in liquid at different temperatures suggests that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hbt. salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    NRC-1 is actively repairing cellular and DNA damage during exposure, whereas\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. morrhuae<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibits no difference in survival. For\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. morrhuae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the high resistance against simulated solar radiation may be explained with the formation of cell clusters. Our experiments showed that these clusters shield cells on the inside against simulated solar radiation, which results in better survival rates at higher fluences when compared to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hbt. salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    NRC-1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcc. hamelinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, this study shows that some halophilic archaea are highly resistant to simulated solar radiation and that they are of high astrobiological significance. Key Words: Halophiles\u2014Solar radiation\u2014Stress resistance\u2014Survival. Astrobiology 15, 987\u2013997.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T15:07:58Z","timestamp":1446736078000},"page":"987-997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Survival and Resistance of\n                    <i>Halobacterium salinarum<\/i>\n                    NRC-1,\n                    <i>Halococcus hamelinensis<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Halococcus morrhuae<\/i>\n                    to Simulated Outer Space Solar Radiation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Leuko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Parpart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Reitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rettberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65360-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00216-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1993504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-011-0718-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101487200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Archaeal diversity in the Dead Sea: microbial survival under increasingly harsh conditions","volume":"15","author":"Bodaker I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bodaker I., , Beja O., , Sharon I., , Feingersch R., , Rosenberg M., , Oren A., , Hindiyeh M.Y., , and Malkawi H.I. 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