{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:39:11Z","timestamp":1777437551671,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life on Earth, present in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and phospholipid membranes. Phosphorus does not have a significant volatile phase, and its release from minerals is therefore critical to its bioavailability. Organic ligands can enhance phosphate release from minerals relative to release in inorganic solutions, and phosphorus depletion in paleosols has consequently been used as a signature of the presence of ligands secreted by terrestrial organisms on early Earth. We performed batch dissolution experiments of the Mars-relevant phosphate minerals merrillite, whitlockite, chlorapatite, and fluorapatite in solutions containing organic compounds relevant to Mars. We also analyzed these phosphate minerals using the ChemCam laboratory instrument at Los Alamos, providing spectra of end-member phosphate phases that are likely present on the surface of Mars. Phosphate release rates from chlorapatite, whitlockite, and merrillite were enhanced by mellitic, oxalic, succinic, and acetic acids relative to inorganic controls by as much as &gt;35\u2009\u00d7\u2009. The effects of the organic compounds could be explained by the denticity of the ligand, the strength of the complex formed with calcium, and the solution saturation state. Merrillite, whitlockite, and chlorapatite dissolution rates were more strongly enhanced by acetic and succinic acids relative to inorganic controls (as much as &gt;10\u2009\u00d7) than were fluorapatite dissolution rates (\u22722\u2009\u00d7). These results suggest that depletion of phosphate in soils, rocks or sediments on Mars could be a sensitive indicator of the presence of organic compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2017.1739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T11:08:38Z","timestamp":1534936118000},"page":"1543-1558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Organic Compounds on Dissolution of the Phosphate Minerals Chlorapatite, Whitlockite, Merrillite, and Fluorapatite: Implications for Interpreting Past Signatures of Organic Compounds in Rocks, Soils and Sediments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M.","family":"Hausrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Adcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shichun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe R.","family":"Harrold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arya","family":"Udry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada","place":["Las Vegas"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2014.4688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water","author":"APHA","year":"2005","unstructured":"APHA. (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 21 st ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.","edition":"21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"LPSC","author":"Beegle L.W.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beegle L.W., , Bhartia R., , DeFlores L.P., , Darrach M., , Kidd R.D., , Abbey W., , Asher S., , Burton A., , Clegg S., , Conrad P.G., , Edgett K., , Ehlmann B., , Hug W., , Langenhorst F., , Fries M., , Nealson K., , Popp J., , Sobron P., , Steele A., , Wiens R., , and Williford K. (2014) SHERLOC: scanning habitable environments with Raman and luminescence for organics and chemicals, an investigation for 2020. LPSC Abstract #2835. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040539497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Berger J.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berger J.A., , Schmidt M.E., , Izawa M.R.M., , Gellert R., , Ming D.W., , Rampe E.B., , VanBommel S.J., , and McAdam A.C. (2016) Phosphate stability in diagenetic fluids constrains the acidic alteration model for lower Mt. Sharp sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars [abstract 1652]. In 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(00)00019-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2008.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90023-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00269-010-0366-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2010.01122.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/an9952002159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(96)03720-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Dyar M.D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dyar M.D., , Carmosino M.L., , Tucker J.M., , Speicher E.A., , Brown E.B., , Clegg S.M., , Wiens R.C., , Barefield J.E., , Delaney J.S., , Ashley G.M., , and Driese S.G. (2011) Error analysis for remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis using combinations of igneous sedimentary and phyllosilicate samples [abstract 1258]. In 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas9185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Forni O.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forni O., , Meslin P.-Y., , L'Haridon J., , Rapin W., , Nachon M., , Newsom H., , Mangold N., , Gasnault O., , Anderson D.E., , Anderson R.B., , Blaney D.L., , Clegg S.M., , Cousin A., , Dehouck E., , Johnson J.R., , Lanza N.L., , Lasue J., , Maurice S., , and Wiens R.C. (2017) Detection of fluorine-rich phases, phosphates, and halite in the stimson-murray units, Gale Crater, Mars [abstract 1838]. In 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JE004737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90243-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01235-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(03)00130-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(03)00265-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"633","article-title":"Elemental release rates from dissolving basalt and granite with and without organic ligands","volume":"309","author":"Hausrath E.M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hausrath E.M., , Neaman A., , and Brantley S.L. (2009) Elemental release rates from dissolving basalt and granite with and without organic ligands. AJS, 309:633\u2013660.","journal-title":"AJS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JE004246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(68)80006-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Biosignature preservation and detection in Mars analog environments","volume":"17","author":"Hays L.R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hays L.R., , Graham H.V., , Des Marais D.J., , Hausrath E.M., , Horgany B., , McCollom T.M., , Parenteau M.N., , Potter-McIntyre S.L., , Williams A.J., , and Lynch K.L. (2017) Biosignature preservation and detection in Mars analog environments. Astrobiology, 17:4.","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"2385","article-title":"Northwest Africa 7533, an impact breccia from Mars","volume":"1719","author":"Hewins R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hewins R., , Zanda B., , Humayun M., , Pont S., , Fieni C., , and Deldicque D. (2013) Northwest Africa 7533, an impact breccia from Mars. LPI Contributions, 1719:2385.","journal-title":"LPI Contributions"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00252213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2004.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2008.2683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.51.1.39-43.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/20104042613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2008.2757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"1385","volume-title":"Brock Biology of Microorganisms","author":"Madigan M.T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Madigan M.T., , Martinko J.M., , and Parker J. (2003) Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p 1385."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","volume-title":"Critical Stability Constants","author":"Martell A.E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Martell A.E., and Smith R.M. (1974) Critical Stability Constants, Plenum Press, New York, vol. 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-012-9912-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Mineralogy of Sedimentary Apatites","author":"McClellan G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McClellan G., and Van Kauwenbergh S. (1990) Mineralogy of Sedimentary Apatites, Special Publications, Vol. 52, Geological Society, London, pp 23\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2008.2558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.12639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Environmental Phosphorus Handbook","author":"McKelvey V.","year":"1973","unstructured":"McKelvey V. (1973) Abundance and distribution of phosphorus in the lithosphere. In Environmental Phosphorus Handbook, edited by Griffith E.J., , Beeton A., , Spencer J.M., , and Mitchell D.T., Wiley, New york. pp 13\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"6:01","article-title":"Martian meteorites","author":"McSween H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"McSween H., and Treiman A.H. (1998) Martian meteorites. In Planetary Materials, edited by Papike J., Mineral Society of America, Washington, DC. pp 6:01\u20136:53.","journal-title":"Planetary Materials"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","volume-title":"Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Meslin P.-Y.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meslin P.-Y., , Cicutto L., , Forni O., , Drouet C., , Rapin W., , Nachon M., , Cousin A., , Blank J.G., , McCubbin F.M., , and Gasnault O. (2016) Calibration of the fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen content of apatites with the ChemCam LIBS instrument [abstract 1703]. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JE004939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JE003195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)88444-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Implications of the evolution of organic acid moieties for basalt weathering over geologic time","volume":"305","author":"Neaman A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neaman A., , Chorover J., , and Brantley S. (2005) Implications of the evolution of organic acid moieties for basalt weathering over geologic time. AJS, 305:625\u2013650.","journal-title":"AJS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)\u2014a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport and inverse geochemical calculation","author":"Parkhurst D.L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parkhurst D.L., and Appelo C.A.J. (1999) User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)\u2014a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport and inverse geochemical calculation. US Geol Survey Water-Resources Invest Rept. 99\u20134259.","journal-title":"US Geol Survey Water-Resources Invest Rept"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21625-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00848.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1v7zdmm.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2426512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(71)90006-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","first-page":"935","volume-title":"Microbiology","author":"Prescott L.M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Prescott L.M., , Harley J.P., , and Klein D.A. (1996) Microbiology, William C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, IA, p 935."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2011.01233.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.12355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(96)03866-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(93)90191-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaspecpub17.c1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.37.2897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.6.2388-2393.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JE004932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2010.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(98)00081-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(99)00238-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450290098414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-012-9902-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Determination of lead and other heavy metals in urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry","author":"Willis J.B.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Willis J.B. (1962) Determination of lead and other heavy metals in urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Anal Chem. 34.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1693(96)05099-2"}],"container-title":["Astrobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ast.2017.1739","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ast.2017.1739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ast.2017.1739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1777377748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ast.2017.1739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ast.2017.1739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ast.2017.1739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-1074","1557-8070"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-1074","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8070","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}}}