{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:04:14Z","timestamp":1789725854613,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The spread of antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious global health concern. Numerous studies have been done to investigate the dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in both indoor and outdoor environments. Nonetheless, few studies are available about the dynamics of the antibiotic resistome (total content of ARGs in the microbial cultures or communities) under stress in outer space environments. In this study, we aimed to experimentally investigate the dynamics of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in Kombucha Mutualistic Community (KMC) samples exposed to Mars-like conditions simulated during the BIOMEX experiment outside the International Space Station with analysis of the metagenomics data previously produced. Thus, we compared them with those of the respective non-exposed KMC samples. The antibiotic resistome responded to the Mars-like conditions by enriching its diversity with ARGs after exposure, which were not found in non-exposed samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e., tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">van<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes against tetracycline and vancomycin, respectively). Furthermore, ARGs and MRGs were correlated; therefore, their co-selection could be assumed as a mechanism for maintaining antibiotic resistance in Mars-like environments. Overall, these results highlight the high plasticity of the antibiotic resistome in response to extraterrestrial conditions and in the absence of anthropogenic stresses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2021.0176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T16:46:40Z","timestamp":1655484400000},"page":"1072-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metagenome Analysis Reveals a Response of the Antibiotic Resistome to Mars-like Extraterrestrial Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA) - MEG Molecular Ecology Group, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Verbania, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasa","family":"Sbaffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA) - MEG Molecular Ecology Group, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Verbania, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Corno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA) - MEG Molecular Ecology Group, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Verbania, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Santana","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Trovatti Uetanabaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us, Brasil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arist\u00f3teles","family":"G\u00f3es-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Podolich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kozyrovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"de Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Space Operations and Astronaut Training, Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC), Cologne, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debmalya","family":"Barh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."},{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA) - 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