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In this study, we investigated the potential of halite crystals to protect microbial life-forms on the surface of an airless body (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., meteorite), for instance, during a lithopanspermia process (interplanetary travel step) in the early Solar System. To investigate the effect of the radiation of the young Sun on microorganisms, we performed extensive simulation experiments by employing a synchrotron facility. We focused on two exposure conditions: vacuum (low Earth orbit, 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    Pa) and vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation (range 57.6\u2013124\u2009nm, flux 7.14 W\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with the latter representing an extreme scenario with high VUV fluxes comparable to the amount of radiation of a stellar superflare from the young Sun. The stellar VUV parameters were estimated by using the very well-studied solar analog of the young Sun, \u03ba\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cet. To evaluate the protective effects of halite, we entrapped a halophilic archaeon (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haloferax volcanii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and a non-halophilic bacterium (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Deinococcus radiodurans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in laboratory-grown halite. Control groups were cells entrapped in salt crystals (mixtures of different salts and NaCl) and non-trapped (naked) cells, respectively. All groups were exposed either to vacuum alone or to vacuum plus VUV. Our results demonstrate that halite can serve as protection against vacuum and VUV radiation, regardless of the type of microorganism. In addition, we found that the protection is higher than provided by crystals obtained from mixtures of salts. This extends the protective effects of halite documented in previous studies and reinforces the possibility to consider the crystals of this mineral as potential preservation structures in airless bodies or as vehicles for the interplanetary transfer of microorganisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2022.0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T15:11:52Z","timestamp":1672240312000},"page":"245-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effects of Halite to Vacuum and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation: A Potential Scenario During a Young Sun Superflare"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena C.","family":"Abrevaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astronom\u00eda y F\u00edsica del Espacio (IAFE), 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