{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:04:32Z","timestamp":1789725872317,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When water vapor reacts with metals at temperatures of a few hundred kelvin, free hydrogen and metal oxides are formed. Iron is a common metal giving such reactions. Iron oxide together with a small amount of alkali metal as promoter is a good catalyst for forming ultradense hydrogen H(0) from the released hydrogen. Ultradense hydrogen is the densest form of condensed matter hydrogen. It can be formed easily at low pressure and is the densest material in the Solar System. Spontaneous and induced nuclear processes in H(0) create mesons (kaons, pions) in proton annihilation reactions. It is here agreed on that the great difference in the present conditions on Venus and Earth are caused by the initial difference in the temperatures of the planets due to their different distances from the Sun. This temperature difference means that, in warmer planetary environments such as on Venus, the iron + water steam \u2192 iron oxide + hydrogen reaction proceeded easily, meaning a consumption of water to give H(0) formation and release of nuclear energy by subsequent nuclear reactions in H(0). On the slightly cooler Earth, the iron + liquid water reaction was slower, and less water formed H(0). Thus, the water consumption and the heating due to nuclear reactions was smaller on Earth. The experiments proving that the mechanisms of forming H(0) and the details of the nuclear processes have been published. The more intense particle radiation from the nuclear processes in H(0) and the lack of water probably impeded formation of complex molecules and, thus, of life on planets like Venus. These processes in H(0) may, therefore, also imply a narrower zone of life in a planetary system than believed previously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2022.0131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T10:16:56Z","timestamp":1695118616000},"page":"1128-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consumption of Hydrogen by Annihilation Reactions in Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) Contributed to Form a Hot and Dry Venus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Leif","family":"Holmlid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Olofson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LazeraH AB, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LazeraH AB, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3514985"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S106377961102002X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benedikt MR Scherf M Lammer H et al. 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