{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:45:25Z","timestamp":1786405525429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prebiotic synthesis of complex organic molecules in water-rich environments has been a long-standing challenge. In the modern deep sea, emission of liquid CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    has been observed in multiple locations, which indicates the existence of benthic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pools. Recently, a liquid\/supercritical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) hypothesis has been proposed that a two-phase ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013water environment could lead to efficient dehydration and condensation of organics. To confirm this hypothesis, we conducted a nucleoside phosphorylation reaction in a hydrothermal reactor creating ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013water two-phase environment. After 120 h of uridine, cytosine, guanosine, and adenosine phosphorylation at 68.9\u00b0C, various nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs), nucleotide diphosphates, and carbamoyl nucleosides were produced. The addition of urea enhanced the overall production of phosphorylated species with 5\u2032-NMPs, the major products that reached over 10% yield. As predicted, phosphorylation did not proceed in the fully aqueous environment without ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Further, a glass window reactor was introduced for direct observation of the two-phase environment, where the escape of water into the ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    phase was observed. These results are similar to those of a wet\u2013dry cycle experiment simulating the terrestrial hot spring environment, indicating that the presence of ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    can create a comparatively dry condition in the deep sea. In addition, the high acidity present in the aqueous phase further supports nucleotide synthesis by enabling the release of orthophosphate from the hydroxyapatite mineral solving the phosphate problem. Thus, the present study highlights the potential of the unique ScCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013water two-phase environment to drive prebiotic nucleotide synthesis and likely induce condensation reactions of various organic and inorganic compounds in the deep-sea CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pool on Earth and potentially other ocean worlds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2024.0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T09:25:27Z","timestamp":1732008327000},"page":"1151-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prebiotic Nucleoside Phosphorylation in a Simulated Deep-Sea Supercritical Carbon Dioxide\u2013Water Two-Phase Environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7055-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shotaro","family":"Tagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Morino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Terazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caner","family":"Ak\u0131l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Johnson-Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takazo","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Fujishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2747"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-8446(03)00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200332w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.289.3.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-703-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2014.1280"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201908272"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201606239"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1963.03615995002700030030x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611346200"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Should supercritical CO2 pipelines comply with ANSI\/NACE MR0175\/ISO 15156","volume":"53","author":"Craig B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Craig B. 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