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As such, when an infectious disease outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic occurs\u2014particularly when it is associated with a novel pathogen\u2014the question will naturally arise as to whether the pathogen can be transmitted through breastfeeding. Until high-quality data are generated to answer this question, abandonment of breastfeeding due to uncertainty can result. The COVID-19 pandemic, which was in full swing at the time this document was written, is an excellent example of this scenario. During these times of uncertainty, it is critical for investigators conducting research to assess the possible transmission of pathogens through milk, whether by transfer through the mammary gland or contamination from respiratory droplets, skin, breast pumps, and milk containers, and\/or close contact between mother and infant. To promote the most rigorous science, it is critical to outline optimal methods for milk collection, handling, storage, and analysis in these situations, and investigators should openly share their methods in published materials. Otherwise, the risks of inconsistent test results from preanalytical and analytical variation, false positives, and false negatives are unacceptably high and the ability to provide public health guidance poor. In this study, we provide \u201cbest practices\u201d for collecting human milk samples for COVID-19 research with the intention that this will also be a useful guide for future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T12:06:40Z","timestamp":1609762000000},"page":"29-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Best Practices for Human Milk Collection for COVID-19 Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michelle K.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Seppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameena","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Buonsenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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