{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:54:30Z","timestamp":1777456470730,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n : The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the duration of breastfeeding in infancy reduces the risk of childhood leukemia or lymphoma, and modifies the risk of developing functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This case\u2013control study involved the recruitment of children with lymphoid malignancy and functional gastrointestinal symptoms with healthy children as controls. Focused questionnaires were used to collect data on breastfeeding history and other key risk factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n : Of the 334 children with lymphoid malignancy, 65% were male. The control group included 334 age- and sex-matched participants. Most (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 189; 56.6%) of the children with leukemia were <10 years of age. Differences between cases and controls included the duration of breastfeeding (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001), mean birthweight (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), maternal age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), paternal age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), birth order (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), mean number of children (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), BMI percentile (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.042), and maternal smoking (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.012). Breastfeeding duration of up to 6 months\u2019 duration, when compared with feeding of longer than 6 months, was associated with increased odds ratios (OR) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (OR = 3.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37\u20134.98;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.88\u20132.84,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.120), Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.25\u20133.65,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.005), and overall (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.40\u20132.71,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Cases also differed from controls with regard to FGIDs, such as stomach ache (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), dyspepsia (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), early satiety (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.017), bowel satisfaction (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), bloating (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), nausea (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.005), vomiting (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.039), constipation (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003), diarrhea (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.010), gastrointestinal canal congestion (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.039), muscle aches pains (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.008), fecal incontinence (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.021), and indigestion (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003). A multivariate stepwise regression analysis revealed that maternal smoking (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), formula feeding (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), duration of breastfeeding (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), birth order (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002), mother\u2019s age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.004) and the child\u2019s birthweight (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.009) were predictors for leukemia. Further analysis showed that dyspepsia (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), gastrointestinal tract canal congestion (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), constipation (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.009), diarrhea (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.013), bowel satisfaction (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.021), bloating (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.022), duration of breastfeeding (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), and stomach ache (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.025) were significant predictors for developing FGID symptoms after adjusting for age, gender, and other confounding variables.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n : This study confirmed that breastfeeding has some effect on reducing possible risk of childhood lymphoma and leukemia and FGID symptoms compared with healthy control children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T14:35:11Z","timestamp":1720190111000},"page":"539-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Breastfeeding Duration Reduces the Risk of Childhood Leukemia and Modifies the Risk of Developing Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulbari","family":"Bener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics and Public Health, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"name":"Dept. of Evidence for Population Health Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmut","family":"Toka\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Medicine and Education Unit, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ihab","family":"Tewfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food, Nutrition and Public Health, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susu M.","family":"Zughaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Faruk","family":"A\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Medicine, Gastro Unit, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Pediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Speculations on the cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Greaves MF","year":"1988","unstructured":"Greaves MF. Speculations on the cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia, 1988; 2(2):120\u2013125.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00339-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Does prolonged breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood leukemia and lymphomas","volume":"60","author":"Bener A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bener A, , Hoffmann GF, , Afify Z, et al. Does prolonged breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood leukemia and lymphomas? Minerva Pediatr, 2008; 60(2):155\u2013161.","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103942"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00170-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92835-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2400601"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.20.1765"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","first-page":"935","article-title":"Family cancer history and risk of childhood acute leukemia (France)","volume":"12","author":"Perrillat F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perrillat F, , Clavel J, , Jaussent I, et al. Family cancer history and risk of childhood acute leukemia (France). Cancer Causes Control, 2001; 12(10):935\u2013941.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy306"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Childhood leukemia and rural population movements: Greece, Italy, and other countries","volume":"6","author":"Kinlen LJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kinlen LJ, , Petridou E. Childhood leukemia and rural population movements: Greece, Italy, and other countries. Cancer Causes Control, 1995b;6(5):445\u2013450.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01292-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601384"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32115-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003469"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314775"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06260-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Does exclusive breast-feeding prevent diarrheal diseases","volume":"11","author":"Bener A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bener A, , Ehlayel MS, , Abdulrahman HM. Does exclusive breast-feeding prevent diarrheal diseases? Rev. Bras. Saude Matern. Infant. Recife, 2011; 11(1):95\u201399.","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Saude Matern. Infant. Recife"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14348"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/45.2.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Breast-feeding counseling in a diarrheal disease hospital","volume":"74","author":"Haider R","year":"1996","unstructured":"Haider R, , Islam A, , Hamadani J, et al. Breast-feeding counseling in a diarrheal disease hospital. Bull World Health Organ, 1996; 74:173\u2013179.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh and its association with diarrhea and acute respiratory infection: Results of the multiple indicator cluster survey 2003","volume":"25","author":"Mihrshahi S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mihrshahi S, , Ichikawa N, , Shuaib M, et al. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh and its association with diarrhea and acute respiratory infection: Results of the multiple indicator cluster survey 2003. J Health Popul Nutr, 2007; 25(2):195\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2256"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1495"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1164"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690548"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602706"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Role of breast feeding in primary prevention of asthma and allergic diseases in a traditional society","volume":"39","author":"Bener A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bener A, , Ehlayel MS, , Alsowaidi S, et al. Role of breast feeding in primary prevention of asthma and allergic diseases in a traditional society. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol, 2007; 39(10):337\u2013343.","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000215309.93911.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","volume-title":"World Health Organization and the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization and the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods. World Health Organization; Geneva; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0309-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","first-page":"527","article-title":"Protective effect of breastfeeding on diarrhoea among children in a rapidly growing newly developed Society","volume":"51","author":"Ehlayel MS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehlayel MS, , Bener A, , Abdulrahman HM. Protective effect of breastfeeding on diarrhoea among children in a rapidly growing newly developed Society. Turkish J Ped, 2009; 51(6):527\u2013533.","journal-title":"Turkish J Ped"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu298"}],"container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:01:58Z","timestamp":1777381318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bfm.2024.0033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-8253","1556-8342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-8342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}